解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles. However, astrocytes are as numerous as neurons in the mammalian brain, and current findings indicate a chemically based dialog between astrocyte...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-101920-112225
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Cortical interneurons display striking differences in shape, physiology, and other attributes, challenging us to appropriately classify them. We previously suggested that interneuron types should be defined by their role in cortical processing. Here, we revisit the question of how to codify their diversity based upon ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050421
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and engineering work corroborate the power of learning through the directed adjustment of connection weights. Here we review the fundamental elements...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-090919-022842
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Scientists have been fascinated by the human brain for centuries, yet knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that build the human brain during embryogenesis and of how abnormalities in this process lead to neurological disease remains very superficial. In particular, the lack of experimental models for a proce...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050154
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although gene...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Maturation of neuronal circuits requires selective elimination of synaptic connections. Although neuron-intrinsic mechanisms are important in this process, it is increasingly recognized that glial cells also play a critical role. Without proper functioning of these cells, the number, morphology, and function of synapt...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050306
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Magnetic fields pass through tissue undiminished and without producing harmful effects, motivating their use as a wireless, minimally invasive means to control neural activity. Here, we review mechanisms and techniques coupling magnetic fields to changes in electrochemical potentials across neuronal membranes. Biologi...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic approach, based on the study of inherited forms of deafness, has proven to be particularly effective for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the peripheral auditory system, the cochlea and its afferent auditory neurons, and how this system extracts the physical parameters of ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050428
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Rhythmicity is a universal timing mechanism in the brain, and the rhythmogenic mechanisms are generally dynamic. This is illustrated for the neuronal control of breathing, a behavior that occurs as a one-, two-, or three-phase rhythm. Each breath is assembled stochastically, and increasing evidence suggests that each ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061756
更新日期:2018-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Supervised learning plays a key role in the operation of many biological and artificial neural networks. Analysis of the computations underlying supervised learning is facilitated by the relatively simple and uniform architecture of the cerebellum, a brain area that supports numerous motor, sensory, and cognitive func...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061948
更新日期:2018-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Trial-to-trial variability in the execution of movements and motor skills is ubiquitous and widely considered to be the unwanted consequence of a noisy nervous system. However, recent studies have suggested that motor variability may also be a feature of how sensorimotor systems operate and learn. This view, rooted in...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031548
更新日期:2017-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, I discuss current knowledge and outstanding questions on the neuromodulators that influence aggressive behavior of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. I first present evidence that Drosophila exchange information during an agonistic interaction and choose appropriate actions based on this informatio...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031240
更新日期:2017-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::The tragedy of epilepsy emerges from the combination of its high prevalence, impact upon sufferers and their families, and unpredictability. Childhood epilepsies are frequently severe, presenting in infancy with pharmaco-resistant seizures; are often accompanied by debilitating neuropsychiatric and systemic comorbidit...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031250
更新日期:2017-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::Human studies in the past three decades have provided us with an emerging understanding of how cortical and spinal networks collaborate to ensure the vast repertoire of human behaviors. Humans have direct cortical connections to spinal motoneurons, which bypass spinal interneurons and exert a direct (willful) muscle c...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013913
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::One goal of systems neuroscience is a structure-function model of nervous system organization that would allow mechanistic linking of mind, brain, and behavior. A necessary but not sufficient foundation is a connectome, a complete matrix of structural connections between the nodes of a nervous system. Connections betw...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033954
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Ten years of remarkable progress in understanding the fundamental biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease have been followed by ten years of remarkable and increasing clinical insight into the natural progression of the disorder. The concept of a long, intermediary, prodromal phase between the first appearance of amyloid ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-014015
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The neocortex is found only in mammals, and the fossil record is silent on how this soft tissue evolved. Understanding neocortex evolution thus devolves to a search for candidate homologous neocortex traits in the extant nonmammalian amniotes. The difficulty is that homology is based on similarity, and the six-layered...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033911
更新日期:2015-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Why the cerebral cortex folds in some mammals but not in others has long fascinated and mystified neurobiologists. Over the past century-especially the past decade-researchers have used theory and experiment to support different folding mechanisms such as tissue buckling from mechanical stress, axon tethering, localiz...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-034128
更新日期:2015-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The brain, which represents 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of body energy at rest, has a limited capacity to store energy and is therefore highly dependent on oxygen and glucose supply from the blood stream. Normal functioning of neural circuits thus relies on adequate matching between metabolic needs and blood supp...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033835
更新日期:2015-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Elucidating the roles of neuronal cell types for physiology and behavior is essential for understanding brain functions. Perturbation of neuron electrical activity can be used to probe the causal relationship between neuronal cell types and behavior. New genetically encoded neuron perturbation tools have been develope...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014048
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, yet the underlying causative molecular mechanisms are ill defined. Numerous observations based on drug studies and mutations in genes that cause PD point to a complex set of rather subtle mitochondrial defects that may be causative. Indeed, intensive inve...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014317
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to embodied cognition theories, higher cognitive abilities depend on the reenactment of sensory and motor representations. In the first part of this review, we critically analyze the central claims of embodied theories and argue that the existing behavioral and neuroimaging data do not allow investigators to...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013950
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial normalization--applying standardized coordinates as anatomical addresses within a reference space--was introduced to human neuroimaging research nearly 30 years ago. Over these three decades, an impressive series of methodological advances have adopted, extended, and popularized this standard. Collectively, th...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170320
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Muscarinic signaling affects attention, action selection, learning, and memory through multiple signaling cascades, which act at different timescales and which alter ion channels in cell type-specific manners. The effects of muscarinic signaling differ between cortical layers and between brain areas. Muscarinic signal...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170433
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of signal transduction, neurotransmission, ion channel regulation, and other cellular events. GPCRs are activated by diverse stimuli, including light, enzymatic processing of their N-termini, and binding of proteins, peptides, or small molecules such as neuro...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170313
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons have their own systems for regulating RNA. Several multigene families encode RNA binding proteins (RNABPs) that are uniquely expressed in neurons, including the well-known neuron-specific markers ELAV and NeuN and the disease antigen NOVA. New technologies have emerged in recent years to assess the function of...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062912-114322
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding how sensory and motor processes are temporally integrated to control behavior in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range is a fascinating problem given that the basic electrophysiological properties of neurons operate on a millisecond timescale. Single-unit recording studies in monkeys have ident...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170349
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Proteomic studies of the composition of mammalian synapses have revealed a high degree of complexity. The postsynaptic and presynaptic terminals are molecular systems with highly organized protein networks producing emergent physiological and behavioral properties. The major classes of synapse proteins and their respe...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150433
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medications, psychotherapy, and other treatments are effective for many patients with psychiatric disorders. However, with currently available interventions, a substantial number of patients experience incomplete resolution of symptoms, and relapse rates are high. In the search for better treatments, increasing intere...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113638
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Odor signals received by odorant receptors (ORs) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are represented as an odor map in the olfactory bulb (OB). In the mouse, there are ~1,000 different OR species, and each OSN expresses only one functional OR gene in a monoallelic manner. Fur...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-112210-112917
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Work with patient H.M., beginning in the 1950s, established key principles about the organization of memory that inspired decades of experimental work. Since H.M., the study of human memory and its disorders has continued to yield new insights and to improve understanding of the structure and organization of memory. H...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113720
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the lifelong addition of new neurons to the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of mammalian brains is by now an accepted fact, the function of adult-generated neurons still largely remains a mystery. The ability of new neurons to form synapses with preexisting neurons without disrupting circuit function is cent...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153252
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroimaging, especially BOLD fMRI, has begun to identify how variability in brain function contributes to individual differences in complex behavioral traits. In parallel, pharmacological fMRI and multimodal PET/fMRI are identifying how variability in molecular signaling pathways influences individual differences in ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135335
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We review the modulatory effects of the catecholamine neurotransmitters noradrenaline and dopamine on prefrontal cortical function. The effects of pharmacologic manipulations of these systems, sometimes in comparison with the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT), on performance on a variety of tasks that tap working memory, a...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135535
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Scientists in many different fields have been attracted to the study of habits because of the power habits have over behavior and because they invoke a dichotomy between the conscious, voluntary control over behavior, considered the essence of higher-order deliberative behavioral control, and lower-order behavioral co...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112851
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunotherapeutic strategies to combat neurodegenerative disorders have galvanized the scientific community since the first dramatic successes in mouse models recreating aspects of Alzheimer disease (AD) were reported. However, initial human trials of active amyloid-beta (Abeta) vaccination were halted early because o...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125529
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) requires the proper formation of exquisitely precise circuits to function correctly. These neuronal circuits are assembled during development by the formation of synaptic connections between thousands of differentiating neurons. Proper synapse formation during childhood provi...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112830
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The central nervous system (CNS) is arguably one of the most complex systems in the universe. To understand the CNS, scientists have investigated a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and various small molecules. However, one large class of molecules, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), has been relatively unexplor...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112839
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Wnt signaling pathway regulates multiple events in development and disease in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recently, the noncanonical Wnt signaling cascades, those that do not signal through beta-catenin, have gained prominence for their role in the regulation of cellular polarity. It is not surprising that...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112933
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is incompletely understood, the recent discovery of genes associated with rare monogenic forms of the disease, together with e...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00