Abstract:
:Trial-to-trial variability in the execution of movements and motor skills is ubiquitous and widely considered to be the unwanted consequence of a noisy nervous system. However, recent studies have suggested that motor variability may also be a feature of how sensorimotor systems operate and learn. This view, rooted in reinforcement learning theory, equates motor variability with purposeful exploration of motor space that, when coupled with reinforcement, can drive motor learning. Here we review studies that explore the relationship between motor variability and motor learning in both humans and animal models. We discuss neural circuit mechanisms that underlie the generation and regulation of motor variability and consider the implications that this work has for our understanding of motor learning.
journal_name
Annu Rev Neuroscijournal_title
Annual review of neuroscienceauthors
Dhawale AK,Smith MA,Ölveczky BPdoi
10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031548subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-07-25 00:00:00pages
479-498eissn
0147-006Xissn
1545-4126journal_volume
40pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Many ion channels and receptors display striking phenotypes for gain-of-function mutations but milder phenotypes for null mutations. Gain of molecular function can have several mechanistic bases: selectivity changes, gating changes including constitutive activation and slowed inactivation, elimination of a subunit tha...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.89
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to embodied cognition theories, higher cognitive abilities depend on the reenactment of sensory and motor representations. In the first part of this review, we critically analyze the central claims of embodied theories and argue that the existing behavioral and neuroimaging data do not allow investigators to...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013950
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles. However, astrocytes are as numerous as neurons in the mammalian brain, and current findings indicate a chemically based dialog between astrocyte...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-101920-112225
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on the role of the extended macrophage/monocyte family in the central nervous system during HIV or SIV infection. The accumulated data, buttressed by recent experimental results, suggest that these cells play a central, pathogenic role in retroviral-associated CNS disease. While the immune system i...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142822
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although gene...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The tragedy of epilepsy emerges from the combination of its high prevalence, impact upon sufferers and their families, and unpredictability. Childhood epilepsies are frequently severe, presenting in infancy with pharmaco-resistant seizures; are often accompanied by debilitating neuropsychiatric and systemic comorbidit...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031250
更新日期:2017-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::The central nervous system (CNS) is arguably one of the most complex systems in the universe. To understand the CNS, scientists have investigated a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and various small molecules. However, one large class of molecules, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), has been relatively unexplor...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112839
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The isolation and sequencing of a number of G protein-coupled receptors has now provided extensive primary structure information for this family of homologous proteins. The diverse nature of these receptors suggests that the family of proteins may grow to include receptors for many neurotransmitters and perhaps many p...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.000435
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Magnetic fields pass through tissue undiminished and without producing harmful effects, motivating their use as a wireless, minimally invasive means to control neural activity. Here, we review mechanisms and techniques coupling magnetic fields to changes in electrochemical potentials across neuronal membranes. Biologi...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons and synapses display a rich range of time-dependent processes. Which of these are critical to understanding specific integrative functions in the brain? Computational methods of various kinds are used to understand how systems of neurons interact to produce behavior. However, these models often assume that neu...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.25
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We review the modulatory effects of the catecholamine neurotransmitters noradrenaline and dopamine on prefrontal cortical function. The effects of pharmacologic manipulations of these systems, sometimes in comparison with the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT), on performance on a variety of tasks that tap working memory, a...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135535
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Scientists have been fascinated by the human brain for centuries, yet knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that build the human brain during embryogenesis and of how abnormalities in this process lead to neurological disease remains very superficial. In particular, the lack of experimental models for a proce...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050154
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) requires the proper formation of exquisitely precise circuits to function correctly. These neuronal circuits are assembled during development by the formation of synaptic connections between thousands of differentiating neurons. Proper synapse formation during childhood provi...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112830
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Supervised learning plays a key role in the operation of many biological and artificial neural networks. Analysis of the computations underlying supervised learning is facilitated by the relatively simple and uniform architecture of the cerebellum, a brain area that supports numerous motor, sensory, and cognitive func...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061948
更新日期:2018-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Cortical interneurons display striking differences in shape, physiology, and other attributes, challenging us to appropriately classify them. We previously suggested that interneuron types should be defined by their role in cortical processing. Here, we revisit the question of how to codify their diversity based upon ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050421
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial normalization--applying standardized coordinates as anatomical addresses within a reference space--was introduced to human neuroimaging research nearly 30 years ago. Over these three decades, an impressive series of methodological advances have adopted, extended, and popularized this standard. Collectively, th...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170320
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rhythmicity is a universal timing mechanism in the brain, and the rhythmogenic mechanisms are generally dynamic. This is illustrated for the neuronal control of breathing, a behavior that occurs as a one-, two-, or three-phase rhythm. Each breath is assembled stochastically, and increasing evidence suggests that each ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061756
更新日期:2018-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The brain, which represents 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of body energy at rest, has a limited capacity to store energy and is therefore highly dependent on oxygen and glucose supply from the blood stream. Normal functioning of neural circuits thus relies on adequate matching between metabolic needs and blood supp...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033835
更新日期:2015-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Elucidating the roles of neuronal cell types for physiology and behavior is essential for understanding brain functions. Perturbation of neuron electrical activity can be used to probe the causal relationship between neuronal cell types and behavior. New genetically encoded neuron perturbation tools have been develope...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014048
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With little more than 330 cells, two thirds within the sensory vesicle, the CNS of the tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis provides us with a chordate nervous system in miniature. Neurulation, neurogenesis and its genetic bases, as well as the gene expression territories of this tiny constituency of cells...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144255
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic approach, based on the study of inherited forms of deafness, has proven to be particularly effective for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the peripheral auditory system, the cochlea and its afferent auditory neurons, and how this system extracts the physical parameters of ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050428
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Medications, psychotherapy, and other treatments are effective for many patients with psychiatric disorders. However, with currently available interventions, a substantial number of patients experience incomplete resolution of symptoms, and relapse rates are high. In the search for better treatments, increasing intere...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113638
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is incompletely understood, the recent discovery of genes associated with rare monogenic forms of the disease, together with e...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The defining neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease are abundant filamentous tau lesions and deposits of fibrillar amyloid beta peptides. Prominent filamentous tau inclusions and brain degeneration in the absence of beta-amyloid deposits are also hallmarks of neurodegenerative tauopathies exemplified...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1121
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Odor signals received by odorant receptors (ORs) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are represented as an odor map in the olfactory bulb (OB). In the mouse, there are ~1,000 different OR species, and each OSN expresses only one functional OR gene in a monoallelic manner. Fur...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-112210-112917
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One goal of systems neuroscience is a structure-function model of nervous system organization that would allow mechanistic linking of mind, brain, and behavior. A necessary but not sufficient foundation is a connectome, a complete matrix of structural connections between the nodes of a nervous system. Connections betw...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033954
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::A prerequisite for the maintenance of homeostasis in a living organism is fine-tuned communication between different cells. The majority of extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, interact with a three-protein transmembrane signaling system consisting of a receptor, a G protein, and ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.399
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative conditions that include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie in animals. Prions appear to be composed principally or entirely of abnormal isoforms of a host-encoded glycoprotein, prion protein. Prion propagat...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.519
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the lifelong addition of new neurons to the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of mammalian brains is by now an accepted fact, the function of adult-generated neurons still largely remains a mystery. The ability of new neurons to form synapses with preexisting neurons without disrupting circuit function is cent...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153252
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The neocortex is found only in mammals, and the fossil record is silent on how this soft tissue evolved. Understanding neocortex evolution thus devolves to a search for candidate homologous neocortex traits in the extant nonmammalian amniotes. The difficulty is that homology is based on similarity, and the six-layered...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033911
更新日期:2015-07-08 00:00:00