The Dynamic Basis of Respiratory Rhythm Generation: One Breath at a Time.

abstract：:It is apparent from this and other reviews of the subject that our knowledge of vestibular function is most complete for the primary canal and otolithic afferents. Relatively little progress has been made in the understanding of receptor mechanisms and the functional importance of the efferent vestibular system. Since...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Precht W

更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Wnt signaling pathway regulates multiple events in development and disease in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recently, the noncanonical Wnt signaling cascades, those that do not signal through beta-catenin, have gained prominence for their role in the regulation of cellular polarity. It is not surprising that...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Montcouquiol M,Crenshaw EB 3rd,Kelley MW

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mammals can discriminate among a large number (> 10,000) of unique odorants. The most highly supported explanation for this ability is that olfactory neurons express a large number of seven transmembrane receptors that are not spatially organized at the level of the olfactory epithelium, but whose axonal projections f...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Gibson AD,Garbers DL

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The primate retina is an exciting focus in neuroscience, where recent data from molecular genetics, adaptive optics, anatomy, and physiology, together with measures of human visual performance, are converging to provide new insights into the retinal origins of color vision. Trichromatic color vision begins when the im...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dacey DM

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human studies in the past three decades have provided us with an emerging understanding of how cortical and spinal networks collaborate to ensure the vast repertoire of human behaviors. Humans have direct cortical connections to spinal motoneurons, which bypass spinal interneurons and exert a direct (willful) muscle c...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Nielsen JB

更新日期：2016-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Neural network modeling is often concerned with stimulus-driven responses, but most of the activity in the brain is internally generated. Here, we review network models of internally generated activity, focusing on three types of network dynamics: (a) sustained responses to transient stimuli, which provide a model of ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Vogels TP,Rajan K,Abbott LF

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendrites of neurons in the central nervous system are the principal sites for excitatory synaptic input. Although little is known about their function, two disparate perspectives have arisen to describe the activity patterns inherent to these diverse tree-like structures. Dendrites are thus considered either passive ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Johnston D,Magee JC,Colbert CM,Cristie BR

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A category of stimuli of great importance for primates, humans in particular, is that formed by actions done by other individuals. If we want to survive, we must understand the actions of others. Furthermore, without action understanding, social organization is impossible. In the case of humans, there is another facul...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Rizzolatti G,Craighero L

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-term depression (LTD) is a lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness that follows some types of electrical stimulation in the hippocampus. Two broad types of LTD may be distinguished. Heterosynaptic LTD can occur at synapses that are inactive, normally during high-frequency stimulation of a converging synaptic i...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Bear MF,Abraham WC

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Trial-to-trial variability in the execution of movements and motor skills is ubiquitous and widely considered to be the unwanted consequence of a noisy nervous system. However, recent studies have suggested that motor variability may also be a feature of how sensorimotor systems operate and learn. This view, rooted in...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dhawale AK,Smith MA,Ölveczky BP

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:With little more than 330 cells, two thirds within the sensory vesicle, the CNS of the tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis provides us with a chordate nervous system in miniature. Neurulation, neurogenesis and its genetic bases, as well as the gene expression territories of this tiny constituency of cells...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Meinertzhagen IA,Lemaire P,Okamura Y

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although gene...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Romanov RA,Alpár A,Hökfelt T,Harkany T

更新日期：2019-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Binocular disparity provides the visual system with information concerning the three-dimensional layout of the environment. Recent physiological studies in the primary visual cortex provide a successful account of the mechanisms by which single neurons are able to signal disparity. This work also reveals that addition...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Cumming BG,DeAngelis GC

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles. However, astrocytes are as numerous as neurons in the mammalian brain, and current findings indicate a chemically based dialog between astrocyte...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Kofuji P,Araque A

更新日期：2021-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Maturation of neuronal circuits requires selective elimination of synaptic connections. Although neuron-intrinsic mechanisms are important in this process, it is increasingly recognized that glial cells also play a critical role. Without proper functioning of these cells, the number, morphology, and function of synapt...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Wilton DK,Dissing-Olesen L,Stevens B

更新日期：2019-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The topographic assembly of neural circuits is dependent upon the generation of specific neuronal subtypes, each subtype displaying unique properties that direct the formation of selective connections with appropriate target cells. Studies of motor neuron development in the spinal cord have begun to elucidate the mole...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Shirasaki R,Pfaff SL

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The brain, which represents 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of body energy at rest, has a limited capacity to store energy and is therefore highly dependent on oxygen and glucose supply from the blood stream. Normal functioning of neural circuits thus relies on adequate matching between metabolic needs and blood supp...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Andreone BJ,Lacoste B,Gu C

更新日期：2015-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Scientists in many different fields have been attracted to the study of habits because of the power habits have over behavior and because they invoke a dichotomy between the conscious, voluntary control over behavior, considered the essence of higher-order deliberative behavioral control, and lower-order behavioral co...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Graybiel AM

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We review the modulatory effects of the catecholamine neurotransmitters noradrenaline and dopamine on prefrontal cortical function. The effects of pharmacologic manipulations of these systems, sometimes in comparison with the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT), on performance on a variety of tasks that tap working memory, a...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Robbins TW,Arnsten AF

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantitative differences are observed for most complex behavioral and pharmacological traits within any population. Both environmental and genetic influences regulate such individual differences. The mouse has proven to be a superb model in which to investigate the genetic basis for quantitative differences in complex...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Wehner JM,Radcliffe RA,Bowers BJ

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurons have their own systems for regulating RNA. Several multigene families encode RNA binding proteins (RNABPs) that are uniquely expressed in neurons, including the well-known neuron-specific markers ELAV and NeuN and the disease antigen NOVA. New technologies have emerged in recent years to assess the function of...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Darnell RB

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Ten years of remarkable progress in understanding the fundamental biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease have been followed by ten years of remarkable and increasing clinical insight into the natural progression of the disorder. The concept of a long, intermediary, prodromal phase between the first appearance of amyloid ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Sala Frigerio C,De Strooper B

更新日期：2016-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The neocortex is found only in mammals, and the fossil record is silent on how this soft tissue evolved. Understanding neocortex evolution thus devolves to a search for candidate homologous neocortex traits in the extant nonmammalian amniotes. The difficulty is that homology is based on similarity, and the six-layered...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dugas-Ford J,Ragsdale CW

更新日期：2015-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Classical neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm, so they require transport into secretory vesicles for regulated exocytotic release. Previous work has identified distinct vesicular transport activities for the different classical transmitters, and all depend on the H+-electrochemical gradient across the v...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Liu Y,Edwards RH

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of signal transduction, neurotransmission, ion channel regulation, and other cellular events. GPCRs are activated by diverse stimuli, including light, enzymatic processing of their N-termini, and binding of proteins, peptides, or small molecules such as neuro...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Palczewski K,Orban T

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The genetic approach, based on the study of inherited forms of deafness, has proven to be particularly effective for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the peripheral auditory system, the cochlea and its afferent auditory neurons, and how this system extracts the physical parameters of ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Michalski N,Petit C

更新日期：2019-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, yet the underlying causative molecular mechanisms are ill defined. Numerous observations based on drug studies and mutations in genes that cause PD point to a complex set of rather subtle mitochondrial defects that may be causative. Indeed, intensive inve...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Haelterman NA,Yoon WH,Sandoval H,Jaiswal M,Shulman JM,Bellen HJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is incompletely understood, the recent discovery of genes associated with rare monogenic forms of the disease, together with e...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Moore DJ,West AB,Dawson VL,Dawson TM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Understanding how sensory and motor processes are temporally integrated to control behavior in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range is a fascinating problem given that the basic electrophysiological properties of neurons operate on a millisecond timescale. Single-unit recording studies in monkeys have ident...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Merchant H,Harrington DL,Meck WH

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The defining neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease are abundant filamentous tau lesions and deposits of fibrillar amyloid beta peptides. Prominent filamentous tau inclusions and brain degeneration in the absence of beta-amyloid deposits are also hallmarks of neurodegenerative tauopathies exemplified...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Lee VM,Goedert M,Trojanowski JQ

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00