Magnetic Strategies for Nervous System Control.

abstract：:Odor signals received by odorant receptors (ORs) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are represented as an odor map in the olfactory bulb (OB). In the mouse, there are ~1,000 different OR species, and each OSN expresses only one functional OR gene in a monoallelic manner. Fur...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Mori K,Sakano H

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurons and synapses display a rich range of time-dependent processes. Which of these are critical to understanding specific integrative functions in the brain? Computational methods of various kinds are used to understand how systems of neurons interact to produce behavior. However, these models often assume that neu...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Marder E

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A prerequisite for the maintenance of homeostasis in a living organism is fine-tuned communication between different cells. The majority of extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, interact with a three-protein transmembrane signaling system consisting of a receptor, a G protein, and ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Gudermann T,Schöneberg T,Schultz G

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Zinc is an essential catalytic or structural element of many proteins, and a signaling messenger that is released by neural activity at many central excitatory synapses. Growing evidence suggests that zinc may also be a key mediator and modulator of the neuronal death associated with transient global ischemia and sust...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Choi DW,Koh JY

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The primate retina is an exciting focus in neuroscience, where recent data from molecular genetics, adaptive optics, anatomy, and physiology, together with measures of human visual performance, are converging to provide new insights into the retinal origins of color vision. Trichromatic color vision begins when the im...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dacey DM

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is apparent from this and other reviews of the subject that our knowledge of vestibular function is most complete for the primary canal and otolithic afferents. Relatively little progress has been made in the understanding of receptor mechanisms and the functional importance of the efferent vestibular system. Since...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Precht W

更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Scientists in many different fields have been attracted to the study of habits because of the power habits have over behavior and because they invoke a dichotomy between the conscious, voluntary control over behavior, considered the essence of higher-order deliberative behavioral control, and lower-order behavioral co...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Graybiel AM

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the role of the extended macrophage/monocyte family in the central nervous system during HIV or SIV infection. The accumulated data, buttressed by recent experimental results, suggest that these cells play a central, pathogenic role in retroviral-associated CNS disease. While the immune system i...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Williams KC,Hickey WF

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proteomic studies of the composition of mammalian synapses have revealed a high degree of complexity. The postsynaptic and presynaptic terminals are molecular systems with highly organized protein networks producing emergent physiological and behavioral properties. The major classes of synapse proteins and their respe...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Emes RD,Grant SG

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors critical for the development and functioning of the nervous system. Although originally identified as neuronal survival factors, neurotrophins elicit many biological effects, ranging from proliferation to synaptic modulation to axonal pathfinding. Recent data indicate that ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Segal RA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-term depression (LTD) is a lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness that follows some types of electrical stimulation in the hippocampus. Two broad types of LTD may be distinguished. Heterosynaptic LTD can occur at synapses that are inactive, normally during high-frequency stimulation of a converging synaptic i...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Bear MF,Abraham WC

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, I discuss current knowledge and outstanding questions on the neuromodulators that influence aggressive behavior of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. I first present evidence that Drosophila exchange information during an agonistic interaction and choose appropriate actions based on this informatio...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Asahina K

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of signal transduction, neurotransmission, ion channel regulation, and other cellular events. GPCRs are activated by diverse stimuli, including light, enzymatic processing of their N-termini, and binding of proteins, peptides, or small molecules such as neuro...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Palczewski K,Orban T

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Muscarinic signaling affects attention, action selection, learning, and memory through multiple signaling cascades, which act at different timescales and which alter ion channels in cell type-specific manners. The effects of muscarinic signaling differ between cortical layers and between brain areas. Muscarinic signal...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Thiele A

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, yet the underlying causative molecular mechanisms are ill defined. Numerous observations based on drug studies and mutations in genes that cause PD point to a complex set of rather subtle mitochondrial defects that may be causative. Indeed, intensive inve...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Haelterman NA,Yoon WH,Sandoval H,Jaiswal M,Shulman JM,Bellen HJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Scientists have been fascinated by the human brain for centuries, yet knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that build the human brain during embryogenesis and of how abnormalities in this process lead to neurological disease remains very superficial. In particular, the lack of experimental models for a proce...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Velasco S,Paulsen B,Arlotta P

更新日期：2020-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Trial-to-trial variability in the execution of movements and motor skills is ubiquitous and widely considered to be the unwanted consequence of a noisy nervous system. However, recent studies have suggested that motor variability may also be a feature of how sensorimotor systems operate and learn. This view, rooted in...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dhawale AK,Smith MA,Ölveczky BP

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:The neocortex is found only in mammals, and the fossil record is silent on how this soft tissue evolved. Understanding neocortex evolution thus devolves to a search for candidate homologous neocortex traits in the extant nonmammalian amniotes. The difficulty is that homology is based on similarity, and the six-layered...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dugas-Ford J,Ragsdale CW

更新日期：2015-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The generation of distinct classes of neurons at defined positions within the developing vertebrate nervous system depends on inductive signals provided by local cell groups that act as organizing centers. Genetic and embryological studies have begun to elucidate the processes that control the pattern and identity of ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Lee KJ,Jessell TM

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroimaging, especially BOLD fMRI, has begun to identify how variability in brain function contributes to individual differences in complex behavioral traits. In parallel, pharmacological fMRI and multimodal PET/fMRI are identifying how variability in molecular signaling pathways influences individual differences in ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Hariri AR

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We review the modulatory effects of the catecholamine neurotransmitters noradrenaline and dopamine on prefrontal cortical function. The effects of pharmacologic manipulations of these systems, sometimes in comparison with the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT), on performance on a variety of tasks that tap working memory, a...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Robbins TW,Arnsten AF

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The defining neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease are abundant filamentous tau lesions and deposits of fibrillar amyloid beta peptides. Prominent filamentous tau inclusions and brain degeneration in the absence of beta-amyloid deposits are also hallmarks of neurodegenerative tauopathies exemplified...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Lee VM,Goedert M,Trojanowski JQ

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With little more than 330 cells, two thirds within the sensory vesicle, the CNS of the tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis provides us with a chordate nervous system in miniature. Neurulation, neurogenesis and its genetic bases, as well as the gene expression territories of this tiny constituency of cells...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Meinertzhagen IA,Lemaire P,Okamura Y

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neural network modeling is often concerned with stimulus-driven responses, but most of the activity in the brain is internally generated. Here, we review network models of internally generated activity, focusing on three types of network dynamics: (a) sustained responses to transient stimuli, which provide a model of ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Vogels TP,Rajan K,Abbott LF

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The central nervous system (CNS) is arguably one of the most complex systems in the universe. To understand the CNS, scientists have investigated a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and various small molecules. However, one large class of molecules, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), has been relatively unexplor...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Cao X,Yeo G,Muotri AR,Kuwabara T,Gage FH

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immunotherapeutic strategies to combat neurodegenerative disorders have galvanized the scientific community since the first dramatic successes in mouse models recreating aspects of Alzheimer disease (AD) were reported. However, initial human trials of active amyloid-beta (Abeta) vaccination were halted early because o...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Brody DL,Holtzman DM

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Work with patient H.M., beginning in the 1950s, established key principles about the organization of memory that inspired decades of experimental work. Since H.M., the study of human memory and its disorders has continued to yield new insights and to improve understanding of the structure and organization of memory. H...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Squire LR,Wixted JT

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendrites of neurons in the central nervous system are the principal sites for excitatory synaptic input. Although little is known about their function, two disparate perspectives have arisen to describe the activity patterns inherent to these diverse tree-like structures. Dendrites are thus considered either passive ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Johnston D,Magee JC,Colbert CM,Cristie BR

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A category of stimuli of great importance for primates, humans in particular, is that formed by actions done by other individuals. If we want to survive, we must understand the actions of others. Furthermore, without action understanding, social organization is impossible. In the case of humans, there is another facul...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Rizzolatti G,Craighero L

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The brain, which represents 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of body energy at rest, has a limited capacity to store energy and is therefore highly dependent on oxygen and glucose supply from the blood stream. Normal functioning of neural circuits thus relies on adequate matching between metabolic needs and blood supp...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Andreone BJ,Lacoste B,Gu C

更新日期：2015-07-08 00:00:00