Abstract:
:Understanding how sensory and motor processes are temporally integrated to control behavior in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range is a fascinating problem given that the basic electrophysiological properties of neurons operate on a millisecond timescale. Single-unit recording studies in monkeys have identified localized timing circuits, whereas neuropsychological studies of humans who have damage to the basal ganglia have indicated that core structures, such as the cortico-thalamic-basal ganglia circuit, play an important role in timing and time perception. Taken together, these data suggest that a core timing mechanism interacts with context-dependent areas. This idea of a temporal hub with a distributed network is used to investigate the abstract properties of interval tuning as well as temporal illusions and intersensory timing. We conclude by proposing that the interconnections built into this core timing mechanism are designed to provide a form of degeneracy as protection against injury, disease, or age-related decline.
journal_name
Annu Rev Neuroscijournal_title
Annual review of neuroscienceauthors
Merchant H,Harrington DL,Meck WHdoi
10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170349subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-07-08 00:00:00pages
313-36eissn
0147-006Xissn
1545-4126journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Quantitative differences are observed for most complex behavioral and pharmacological traits within any population. Both environmental and genetic influences regulate such individual differences. The mouse has proven to be a superb model in which to investigate the genetic basis for quantitative differences in complex...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.845
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons and synapses display a rich range of time-dependent processes. Which of these are critical to understanding specific integrative functions in the brain? Computational methods of various kinds are used to understand how systems of neurons interact to produce behavior. However, these models often assume that neu...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.25
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial normalization--applying standardized coordinates as anatomical addresses within a reference space--was introduced to human neuroimaging research nearly 30 years ago. Over these three decades, an impressive series of methodological advances have adopted, extended, and popularized this standard. Collectively, th...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170320
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors critical for the development and functioning of the nervous system. Although originally identified as neuronal survival factors, neurotrophins elicit many biological effects, ranging from proliferation to synaptic modulation to axonal pathfinding. Recent data indicate that ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131421
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although gene...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The central nervous system (CNS) is arguably one of the most complex systems in the universe. To understand the CNS, scientists have investigated a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and various small molecules. However, one large class of molecules, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), has been relatively unexplor...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112839
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many ion channels and receptors display striking phenotypes for gain-of-function mutations but milder phenotypes for null mutations. Gain of molecular function can have several mechanistic bases: selectivity changes, gating changes including constitutive activation and slowed inactivation, elimination of a subunit tha...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.89
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Work with patient H.M., beginning in the 1950s, established key principles about the organization of memory that inspired decades of experimental work. Since H.M., the study of human memory and its disorders has continued to yield new insights and to improve understanding of the structure and organization of memory. H...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113720
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One goal of systems neuroscience is a structure-function model of nervous system organization that would allow mechanistic linking of mind, brain, and behavior. A necessary but not sufficient foundation is a connectome, a complete matrix of structural connections between the nodes of a nervous system. Connections betw...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033954
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) requires the proper formation of exquisitely precise circuits to function correctly. These neuronal circuits are assembled during development by the formation of synaptic connections between thousands of differentiating neurons. Proper synapse formation during childhood provi...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112830
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (ECs). In the late embryonic and early postnatal period, these cells respond to inducing factors found in the brain environment by adopting a set of defined characteristics, including high-electrical-resistance tight junctions. Although the f...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.11
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primate retina is an exciting focus in neuroscience, where recent data from molecular genetics, adaptive optics, anatomy, and physiology, together with measures of human visual performance, are converging to provide new insights into the retinal origins of color vision. Trichromatic color vision begins when the im...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.743
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and engineering work corroborate the power of learning through the directed adjustment of connection weights. Here we review the fundamental elements...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-090919-022842
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Zinc is an essential catalytic or structural element of many proteins, and a signaling messenger that is released by neural activity at many central excitatory synapses. Growing evidence suggests that zinc may also be a key mediator and modulator of the neuronal death associated with transient global ischemia and sust...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.347
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extensive electrophysiological experiments on Aplysia neurons have resulted in an understanding of simple behaviors in terms of the activities of a single identified neurons. Beginning with the work of Kupfermann & Kandel, neuropeptides in Aplysia have become increasingly implicated as chemical agents that control or ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.08.030185.002243
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The isolation and sequencing of a number of G protein-coupled receptors has now provided extensive primary structure information for this family of homologous proteins. The diverse nature of these receptors suggests that the family of proteins may grow to include receptors for many neurotransmitters and perhaps many p...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.000435
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Muscarinic signaling affects attention, action selection, learning, and memory through multiple signaling cascades, which act at different timescales and which alter ion channels in cell type-specific manners. The effects of muscarinic signaling differ between cortical layers and between brain areas. Muscarinic signal...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170433
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Long-term depression (LTD) is a lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness that follows some types of electrical stimulation in the hippocampus. Two broad types of LTD may be distinguished. Heterosynaptic LTD can occur at synapses that are inactive, normally during high-frequency stimulation of a converging synaptic i...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.002253
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ten years of remarkable progress in understanding the fundamental biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease have been followed by ten years of remarkable and increasing clinical insight into the natural progression of the disorder. The concept of a long, intermediary, prodromal phase between the first appearance of amyloid ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-014015
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Magnetic fields pass through tissue undiminished and without producing harmful effects, motivating their use as a wireless, minimally invasive means to control neural activity. Here, we review mechanisms and techniques coupling magnetic fields to changes in electrochemical potentials across neuronal membranes. Biologi...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Proteomic studies of the composition of mammalian synapses have revealed a high degree of complexity. The postsynaptic and presynaptic terminals are molecular systems with highly organized protein networks producing emergent physiological and behavioral properties. The major classes of synapse proteins and their respe...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150433
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Odor signals received by odorant receptors (ORs) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are represented as an odor map in the olfactory bulb (OB). In the mouse, there are ~1,000 different OR species, and each OSN expresses only one functional OR gene in a monoallelic manner. Fur...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-112210-112917
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is apparent from this and other reviews of the subject that our knowledge of vestibular function is most complete for the primary canal and otolithic afferents. Relatively little progress has been made in the understanding of receptor mechanisms and the functional importance of the efferent vestibular system. Since...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.02.030179.001405
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The topographic assembly of neural circuits is dependent upon the generation of specific neuronal subtypes, each subtype displaying unique properties that direct the formation of selective connections with appropriate target cells. Studies of motor neuron development in the spinal cord have begun to elucidate the mole...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142916
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunotherapeutic strategies to combat neurodegenerative disorders have galvanized the scientific community since the first dramatic successes in mouse models recreating aspects of Alzheimer disease (AD) were reported. However, initial human trials of active amyloid-beta (Abeta) vaccination were halted early because o...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125529
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Supervised learning plays a key role in the operation of many biological and artificial neural networks. Analysis of the computations underlying supervised learning is facilitated by the relatively simple and uniform architecture of the cerebellum, a brain area that supports numerous motor, sensory, and cognitive func...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061948
更新日期:2018-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::We review the modulatory effects of the catecholamine neurotransmitters noradrenaline and dopamine on prefrontal cortical function. The effects of pharmacologic manipulations of these systems, sometimes in comparison with the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT), on performance on a variety of tasks that tap working memory, a...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135535
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Wnt signaling pathway regulates multiple events in development and disease in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recently, the noncanonical Wnt signaling cascades, those that do not signal through beta-catenin, have gained prominence for their role in the regulation of cellular polarity. It is not surprising that...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112933
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons have their own systems for regulating RNA. Several multigene families encode RNA binding proteins (RNABPs) that are uniquely expressed in neurons, including the well-known neuron-specific markers ELAV and NeuN and the disease antigen NOVA. New technologies have emerged in recent years to assess the function of...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062912-114322
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Classical neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm, so they require transport into secretory vesicles for regulated exocytotic release. Previous work has identified distinct vesicular transport activities for the different classical transmitters, and all depend on the H+-electrochemical gradient across the v...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.125
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00