Habits, rituals, and the evaluative brain.

abstract：:The topographic assembly of neural circuits is dependent upon the generation of specific neuronal subtypes, each subtype displaying unique properties that direct the formation of selective connections with appropriate target cells. Studies of motor neuron development in the spinal cord have begun to elucidate the mole...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Shirasaki R,Pfaff SL

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Maturation of neuronal circuits requires selective elimination of synaptic connections. Although neuron-intrinsic mechanisms are important in this process, it is increasingly recognized that glial cells also play a critical role. Without proper functioning of these cells, the number, morphology, and function of synapt...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Wilton DK,Dissing-Olesen L,Stevens B

更新日期：2019-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Cortical interneurons display striking differences in shape, physiology, and other attributes, challenging us to appropriately classify them. We previously suggested that interneuron types should be defined by their role in cortical processing. Here, we revisit the question of how to codify their diversity based upon ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Fishell G,Kepecs A

更新日期：2020-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Classical neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm, so they require transport into secretory vesicles for regulated exocytotic release. Previous work has identified distinct vesicular transport activities for the different classical transmitters, and all depend on the H+-electrochemical gradient across the v...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Liu Y,Edwards RH

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Medications, psychotherapy, and other treatments are effective for many patients with psychiatric disorders. However, with currently available interventions, a substantial number of patients experience incomplete resolution of symptoms, and relapse rates are high. In the search for better treatments, increasing intere...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Holtzheimer PE,Mayberg HS

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human studies in the past three decades have provided us with an emerging understanding of how cortical and spinal networks collaborate to ensure the vast repertoire of human behaviors. Humans have direct cortical connections to spinal motoneurons, which bypass spinal interneurons and exert a direct (willful) muscle c...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Nielsen JB

更新日期：2016-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Work with patient H.M., beginning in the 1950s, established key principles about the organization of memory that inspired decades of experimental work. Since H.M., the study of human memory and its disorders has continued to yield new insights and to improve understanding of the structure and organization of memory. H...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Squire LR,Wixted JT

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, yet the underlying causative molecular mechanisms are ill defined. Numerous observations based on drug studies and mutations in genes that cause PD point to a complex set of rather subtle mitochondrial defects that may be causative. Indeed, intensive inve...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Haelterman NA,Yoon WH,Sandoval H,Jaiswal M,Shulman JM,Bellen HJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The defining neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease are abundant filamentous tau lesions and deposits of fibrillar amyloid beta peptides. Prominent filamentous tau inclusions and brain degeneration in the absence of beta-amyloid deposits are also hallmarks of neurodegenerative tauopathies exemplified...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Lee VM,Goedert M,Trojanowski JQ

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (ECs). In the late embryonic and early postnatal period, these cells respond to inducing factors found in the brain environment by adopting a set of defined characteristics, including high-electrical-resistance tight junctions. Although the f...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Rubin LL,Staddon JM

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rhythmicity is a universal timing mechanism in the brain, and the rhythmogenic mechanisms are generally dynamic. This is illustrated for the neuronal control of breathing, a behavior that occurs as a one-, two-, or three-phase rhythm. Each breath is assembled stochastically, and increasing evidence suggests that each ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Ramirez JM,Baertsch NA

更新日期：2018-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and engineering work corroborate the power of learning through the directed adjustment of connection weights. Here we review the fundamental elements...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Magee JC,Grienberger C

更新日期：2020-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:With little more than 330 cells, two thirds within the sensory vesicle, the CNS of the tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis provides us with a chordate nervous system in miniature. Neurulation, neurogenesis and its genetic bases, as well as the gene expression territories of this tiny constituency of cells...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Meinertzhagen IA,Lemaire P,Okamura Y

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Supervised learning plays a key role in the operation of many biological and artificial neural networks. Analysis of the computations underlying supervised learning is facilitated by the relatively simple and uniform architecture of the cerebellum, a brain area that supports numerous motor, sensory, and cognitive func...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Raymond JL,Medina JF

更新日期：2018-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The brain, which represents 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of body energy at rest, has a limited capacity to store energy and is therefore highly dependent on oxygen and glucose supply from the blood stream. Normal functioning of neural circuits thus relies on adequate matching between metabolic needs and blood supp...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Andreone BJ,Lacoste B,Gu C

更新日期：2015-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Binocular disparity provides the visual system with information concerning the three-dimensional layout of the environment. Recent physiological studies in the primary visual cortex provide a successful account of the mechanisms by which single neurons are able to signal disparity. This work also reveals that addition...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Cumming BG,DeAngelis GC

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The central nervous system (CNS) is arguably one of the most complex systems in the universe. To understand the CNS, scientists have investigated a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and various small molecules. However, one large class of molecules, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), has been relatively unexplor...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Cao X,Yeo G,Muotri AR,Kuwabara T,Gage FH

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although the lifelong addition of new neurons to the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of mammalian brains is by now an accepted fact, the function of adult-generated neurons still largely remains a mystery. The ability of new neurons to form synapses with preexisting neurons without disrupting circuit function is cent...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Kelsch W,Sim S,Lois C

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The tragedy of epilepsy emerges from the combination of its high prevalence, impact upon sufferers and their families, and unpredictability. Childhood epilepsies are frequently severe, presenting in infancy with pharmaco-resistant seizures; are often accompanied by debilitating neuropsychiatric and systemic comorbidit...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Howard MA,Baraban SC

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Muscarinic signaling affects attention, action selection, learning, and memory through multiple signaling cascades, which act at different timescales and which alter ion channels in cell type-specific manners. The effects of muscarinic signaling differ between cortical layers and between brain areas. Muscarinic signal...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Thiele A

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:A prerequisite for the maintenance of homeostasis in a living organism is fine-tuned communication between different cells. The majority of extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, interact with a three-protein transmembrane signaling system consisting of a receptor, a G protein, and ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Gudermann T,Schöneberg T,Schultz G

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors critical for the development and functioning of the nervous system. Although originally identified as neuronal survival factors, neurotrophins elicit many biological effects, ranging from proliferation to synaptic modulation to axonal pathfinding. Recent data indicate that ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Segal RA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendrites of neurons in the central nervous system are the principal sites for excitatory synaptic input. Although little is known about their function, two disparate perspectives have arisen to describe the activity patterns inherent to these diverse tree-like structures. Dendrites are thus considered either passive ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Johnston D,Magee JC,Colbert CM,Cristie BR

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the role of the extended macrophage/monocyte family in the central nervous system during HIV or SIV infection. The accumulated data, buttressed by recent experimental results, suggest that these cells play a central, pathogenic role in retroviral-associated CNS disease. While the immune system i...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Williams KC,Hickey WF

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A category of stimuli of great importance for primates, humans in particular, is that formed by actions done by other individuals. If we want to survive, we must understand the actions of others. Furthermore, without action understanding, social organization is impossible. In the case of humans, there is another facul...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Rizzolatti G,Craighero L

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is apparent from this and other reviews of the subject that our knowledge of vestibular function is most complete for the primary canal and otolithic afferents. Relatively little progress has been made in the understanding of receptor mechanisms and the functional importance of the efferent vestibular system. Since...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Precht W

更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although gene...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Romanov RA,Alpár A,Hökfelt T,Harkany T

更新日期：2019-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, I discuss current knowledge and outstanding questions on the neuromodulators that influence aggressive behavior of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. I first present evidence that Drosophila exchange information during an agonistic interaction and choose appropriate actions based on this informatio...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Asahina K

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Trial-to-trial variability in the execution of movements and motor skills is ubiquitous and widely considered to be the unwanted consequence of a noisy nervous system. However, recent studies have suggested that motor variability may also be a feature of how sensorimotor systems operate and learn. This view, rooted in...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dhawale AK,Smith MA,Ölveczky BP

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of signal transduction, neurotransmission, ion channel regulation, and other cellular events. GPCRs are activated by diverse stimuli, including light, enzymatic processing of their N-termini, and binding of proteins, peptides, or small molecules such as neuro...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Palczewski K,Orban T

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00