Abstract:
:Binocular disparity provides the visual system with information concerning the three-dimensional layout of the environment. Recent physiological studies in the primary visual cortex provide a successful account of the mechanisms by which single neurons are able to signal disparity. This work also reveals that additional processing is required to make explicit the types of signal required for depth perception (such as the ability to match features correctly between the two monocular images). Some of these signals, such as those encoding relative disparity, are found in extrastriate cortex. Several other lines of evidence also suggest that the link between perception and neuronal activity is stronger in extrastriate cortex (especially MT) than in the primary visual cortex.
journal_name
Annu Rev Neuroscijournal_title
Annual review of neuroscienceauthors
Cumming BG,DeAngelis GCdoi
10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.203keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-01-01 00:00:00pages
203-38eissn
0147-006Xissn
1545-4126pii
24/1/203journal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of signal transduction, neurotransmission, ion channel regulation, and other cellular events. GPCRs are activated by diverse stimuli, including light, enzymatic processing of their N-termini, and binding of proteins, peptides, or small molecules such as neuro...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170313
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on the role of the extended macrophage/monocyte family in the central nervous system during HIV or SIV infection. The accumulated data, buttressed by recent experimental results, suggest that these cells play a central, pathogenic role in retroviral-associated CNS disease. While the immune system i...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142822
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human studies in the past three decades have provided us with an emerging understanding of how cortical and spinal networks collaborate to ensure the vast repertoire of human behaviors. Humans have direct cortical connections to spinal motoneurons, which bypass spinal interneurons and exert a direct (willful) muscle c...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013913
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Extensive electrophysiological experiments on Aplysia neurons have resulted in an understanding of simple behaviors in terms of the activities of a single identified neurons. Beginning with the work of Kupfermann & Kandel, neuropeptides in Aplysia have become increasingly implicated as chemical agents that control or ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.08.030185.002243
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitative differences are observed for most complex behavioral and pharmacological traits within any population. Both environmental and genetic influences regulate such individual differences. The mouse has proven to be a superb model in which to investigate the genetic basis for quantitative differences in complex...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.845
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A category of stimuli of great importance for primates, humans in particular, is that formed by actions done by other individuals. If we want to survive, we must understand the actions of others. Furthermore, without action understanding, social organization is impossible. In the case of humans, there is another facul...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A prerequisite for the maintenance of homeostasis in a living organism is fine-tuned communication between different cells. The majority of extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, interact with a three-protein transmembrane signaling system consisting of a receptor, a G protein, and ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.399
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons have their own systems for regulating RNA. Several multigene families encode RNA binding proteins (RNABPs) that are uniquely expressed in neurons, including the well-known neuron-specific markers ELAV and NeuN and the disease antigen NOVA. New technologies have emerged in recent years to assess the function of...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062912-114322
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Elucidating the roles of neuronal cell types for physiology and behavior is essential for understanding brain functions. Perturbation of neuron electrical activity can be used to probe the causal relationship between neuronal cell types and behavior. New genetically encoded neuron perturbation tools have been develope...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014048
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors critical for the development and functioning of the nervous system. Although originally identified as neuronal survival factors, neurotrophins elicit many biological effects, ranging from proliferation to synaptic modulation to axonal pathfinding. Recent data indicate that ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131421
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and engineering work corroborate the power of learning through the directed adjustment of connection weights. Here we review the fundamental elements...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-090919-022842
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Odor signals received by odorant receptors (ORs) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are represented as an odor map in the olfactory bulb (OB). In the mouse, there are ~1,000 different OR species, and each OSN expresses only one functional OR gene in a monoallelic manner. Fur...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-112210-112917
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (ECs). In the late embryonic and early postnatal period, these cells respond to inducing factors found in the brain environment by adopting a set of defined characteristics, including high-electrical-resistance tight junctions. Although the f...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.11
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons and synapses display a rich range of time-dependent processes. Which of these are critical to understanding specific integrative functions in the brain? Computational methods of various kinds are used to understand how systems of neurons interact to produce behavior. However, these models often assume that neu...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.25
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to embodied cognition theories, higher cognitive abilities depend on the reenactment of sensory and motor representations. In the first part of this review, we critically analyze the central claims of embodied theories and argue that the existing behavioral and neuroimaging data do not allow investigators to...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013950
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many ion channels and receptors display striking phenotypes for gain-of-function mutations but milder phenotypes for null mutations. Gain of molecular function can have several mechanistic bases: selectivity changes, gating changes including constitutive activation and slowed inactivation, elimination of a subunit tha...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.89
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Scientists in many different fields have been attracted to the study of habits because of the power habits have over behavior and because they invoke a dichotomy between the conscious, voluntary control over behavior, considered the essence of higher-order deliberative behavioral control, and lower-order behavioral co...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112851
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative conditions that include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie in animals. Prions appear to be composed principally or entirely of abnormal isoforms of a host-encoded glycoprotein, prion protein. Prion propagat...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.519
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medications, psychotherapy, and other treatments are effective for many patients with psychiatric disorders. However, with currently available interventions, a substantial number of patients experience incomplete resolution of symptoms, and relapse rates are high. In the search for better treatments, increasing intere...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113638
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding how sensory and motor processes are temporally integrated to control behavior in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range is a fascinating problem given that the basic electrophysiological properties of neurons operate on a millisecond timescale. Single-unit recording studies in monkeys have ident...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170349
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Rhythmicity is a universal timing mechanism in the brain, and the rhythmogenic mechanisms are generally dynamic. This is illustrated for the neuronal control of breathing, a behavior that occurs as a one-, two-, or three-phase rhythm. Each breath is assembled stochastically, and increasing evidence suggests that each ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061756
更新日期:2018-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Classical neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm, so they require transport into secretory vesicles for regulated exocytotic release. Previous work has identified distinct vesicular transport activities for the different classical transmitters, and all depend on the H+-electrochemical gradient across the v...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.125
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The defining neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease are abundant filamentous tau lesions and deposits of fibrillar amyloid beta peptides. Prominent filamentous tau inclusions and brain degeneration in the absence of beta-amyloid deposits are also hallmarks of neurodegenerative tauopathies exemplified...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1121
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the lifelong addition of new neurons to the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of mammalian brains is by now an accepted fact, the function of adult-generated neurons still largely remains a mystery. The ability of new neurons to form synapses with preexisting neurons without disrupting circuit function is cent...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153252
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles. However, astrocytes are as numerous as neurons in the mammalian brain, and current findings indicate a chemically based dialog between astrocyte...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-101920-112225
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Dendrites of neurons in the central nervous system are the principal sites for excitatory synaptic input. Although little is known about their function, two disparate perspectives have arisen to describe the activity patterns inherent to these diverse tree-like structures. Dendrites are thus considered either passive ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.001121
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is incompletely understood, the recent discovery of genes associated with rare monogenic forms of the disease, together with e...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The brain, which represents 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of body energy at rest, has a limited capacity to store energy and is therefore highly dependent on oxygen and glucose supply from the blood stream. Normal functioning of neural circuits thus relies on adequate matching between metabolic needs and blood supp...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033835
更新日期:2015-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Neural network modeling is often concerned with stimulus-driven responses, but most of the activity in the brain is internally generated. Here, we review network models of internally generated activity, focusing on three types of network dynamics: (a) sustained responses to transient stimuli, which provide a model of ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135637
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations in over 70 genes now define biological pathways leading to epilepsy, an episodic dysrhythmia of the cerebral cortex marked by abnormal network synchronization. Some of the inherited errors destabilize neuronal signaling by inflicting primary disorders of membrane excitability and synaptic transmission, where...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.010302.081210
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00