Abstract:
:Dendrites of neurons in the central nervous system are the principal sites for excitatory synaptic input. Although little is known about their function, two disparate perspectives have arisen to describe the activity patterns inherent to these diverse tree-like structures. Dendrites are thus considered either passive or active in their role in integrating synaptic inputs. This review follows the history of dendritic research from before the turn of the century to the present, with a primary focus on the hippocampus. A number of recent techniques, including high-speed fluorescence imaging and dendritic patch clamping, have provided new information and perspectives about the active properties of dendrites. The results support previous notions about the dendritic propagation of action potentials and also indicate which types of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels are expressed and functionally active in dendrites. Possible roles for the active properties of dendrites in synaptic plasticity and integration are also discussed.
journal_name
Annu Rev Neuroscijournal_title
Annual review of neuroscienceauthors
Johnston D,Magee JC,Colbert CM,Cristie BRdoi
10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.001121subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-01-01 00:00:00pages
165-86eissn
0147-006Xissn
1545-4126journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Muscarinic signaling affects attention, action selection, learning, and memory through multiple signaling cascades, which act at different timescales and which alter ion channels in cell type-specific manners. The effects of muscarinic signaling differ between cortical layers and between brain areas. Muscarinic signal...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170433
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Proteomic studies of the composition of mammalian synapses have revealed a high degree of complexity. The postsynaptic and presynaptic terminals are molecular systems with highly organized protein networks producing emergent physiological and behavioral properties. The major classes of synapse proteins and their respe...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150433
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cortical interneurons display striking differences in shape, physiology, and other attributes, challenging us to appropriately classify them. We previously suggested that interneuron types should be defined by their role in cortical processing. Here, we revisit the question of how to codify their diversity based upon ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050421
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is incompletely understood, the recent discovery of genes associated with rare monogenic forms of the disease, together with e...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human studies in the past three decades have provided us with an emerging understanding of how cortical and spinal networks collaborate to ensure the vast repertoire of human behaviors. Humans have direct cortical connections to spinal motoneurons, which bypass spinal interneurons and exert a direct (willful) muscle c...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013913
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::We review the modulatory effects of the catecholamine neurotransmitters noradrenaline and dopamine on prefrontal cortical function. The effects of pharmacologic manipulations of these systems, sometimes in comparison with the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT), on performance on a variety of tasks that tap working memory, a...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135535
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tragedy of epilepsy emerges from the combination of its high prevalence, impact upon sufferers and their families, and unpredictability. Childhood epilepsies are frequently severe, presenting in infancy with pharmaco-resistant seizures; are often accompanied by debilitating neuropsychiatric and systemic comorbidit...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031250
更新日期:2017-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::The isolation and sequencing of a number of G protein-coupled receptors has now provided extensive primary structure information for this family of homologous proteins. The diverse nature of these receptors suggests that the family of proteins may grow to include receptors for many neurotransmitters and perhaps many p...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.000435
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on the role of the extended macrophage/monocyte family in the central nervous system during HIV or SIV infection. The accumulated data, buttressed by recent experimental results, suggest that these cells play a central, pathogenic role in retroviral-associated CNS disease. While the immune system i...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142822
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rhythmicity is a universal timing mechanism in the brain, and the rhythmogenic mechanisms are generally dynamic. This is illustrated for the neuronal control of breathing, a behavior that occurs as a one-, two-, or three-phase rhythm. Each breath is assembled stochastically, and increasing evidence suggests that each ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061756
更新日期:2018-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Mammals can discriminate among a large number (> 10,000) of unique odorants. The most highly supported explanation for this ability is that olfactory neurons express a large number of seven transmembrane receptors that are not spatially organized at the level of the olfactory epithelium, but whose axonal projections f...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.417
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (ECs). In the late embryonic and early postnatal period, these cells respond to inducing factors found in the brain environment by adopting a set of defined characteristics, including high-electrical-resistance tight junctions. Although the f...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.11
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Supervised learning plays a key role in the operation of many biological and artificial neural networks. Analysis of the computations underlying supervised learning is facilitated by the relatively simple and uniform architecture of the cerebellum, a brain area that supports numerous motor, sensory, and cognitive func...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061948
更新日期:2018-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding how sensory and motor processes are temporally integrated to control behavior in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range is a fascinating problem given that the basic electrophysiological properties of neurons operate on a millisecond timescale. Single-unit recording studies in monkeys have ident...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170349
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although gene...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Long-term depression (LTD) is a lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness that follows some types of electrical stimulation in the hippocampus. Two broad types of LTD may be distinguished. Heterosynaptic LTD can occur at synapses that are inactive, normally during high-frequency stimulation of a converging synaptic i...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.002253
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primate retina is an exciting focus in neuroscience, where recent data from molecular genetics, adaptive optics, anatomy, and physiology, together with measures of human visual performance, are converging to provide new insights into the retinal origins of color vision. Trichromatic color vision begins when the im...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.743
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Why the cerebral cortex folds in some mammals but not in others has long fascinated and mystified neurobiologists. Over the past century-especially the past decade-researchers have used theory and experiment to support different folding mechanisms such as tissue buckling from mechanical stress, axon tethering, localiz...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-034128
更新日期:2015-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Classical neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm, so they require transport into secretory vesicles for regulated exocytotic release. Previous work has identified distinct vesicular transport activities for the different classical transmitters, and all depend on the H+-electrochemical gradient across the v...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.125
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial normalization--applying standardized coordinates as anatomical addresses within a reference space--was introduced to human neuroimaging research nearly 30 years ago. Over these three decades, an impressive series of methodological advances have adopted, extended, and popularized this standard. Collectively, th...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170320
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) requires the proper formation of exquisitely precise circuits to function correctly. These neuronal circuits are assembled during development by the formation of synaptic connections between thousands of differentiating neurons. Proper synapse formation during childhood provi...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112830
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and engineering work corroborate the power of learning through the directed adjustment of connection weights. Here we review the fundamental elements...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-090919-022842
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroimaging, especially BOLD fMRI, has begun to identify how variability in brain function contributes to individual differences in complex behavioral traits. In parallel, pharmacological fMRI and multimodal PET/fMRI are identifying how variability in molecular signaling pathways influences individual differences in ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135335
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maturation of neuronal circuits requires selective elimination of synaptic connections. Although neuron-intrinsic mechanisms are important in this process, it is increasingly recognized that glial cells also play a critical role. Without proper functioning of these cells, the number, morphology, and function of synapt...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050306
更新日期:2019-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Scientists have been fascinated by the human brain for centuries, yet knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that build the human brain during embryogenesis and of how abnormalities in this process lead to neurological disease remains very superficial. In particular, the lack of experimental models for a proce...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050154
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors critical for the development and functioning of the nervous system. Although originally identified as neuronal survival factors, neurotrophins elicit many biological effects, ranging from proliferation to synaptic modulation to axonal pathfinding. Recent data indicate that ...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131421
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the lifelong addition of new neurons to the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of mammalian brains is by now an accepted fact, the function of adult-generated neurons still largely remains a mystery. The ability of new neurons to form synapses with preexisting neurons without disrupting circuit function is cent...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153252
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The topographic assembly of neural circuits is dependent upon the generation of specific neuronal subtypes, each subtype displaying unique properties that direct the formation of selective connections with appropriate target cells. Studies of motor neuron development in the spinal cord have begun to elucidate the mole...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142916
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of signal transduction, neurotransmission, ion channel regulation, and other cellular events. GPCRs are activated by diverse stimuli, including light, enzymatic processing of their N-termini, and binding of proteins, peptides, or small molecules such as neuro...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170313
更新日期:2013-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitative differences are observed for most complex behavioral and pharmacological traits within any population. Both environmental and genetic influences regulate such individual differences. The mouse has proven to be a superb model in which to investigate the genetic basis for quantitative differences in complex...
journal_title:Annual review of neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.845
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00