abstract：:Several non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of cognition in animals. Broadly, these hypotheses fall under two categories: those that pertain to the selective pressures exerted either by sociality or by the ecological niche in which animals live. We review these ideas and then ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Aguilar-Arguello S,Nelson XJ

更新日期：2021-01-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Using the database Web of Science, a systematic search for literature on learning in Cnidaria, both non-associative and associative, was conducted. Cnidaria comprise hydras, box jellies, (true) jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones, a group of animals possessing diffuse networks of nerves known as nerve nets or neural n...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cheng K

更新日期：2021-01-13 00:00:00

abstract：:When facing two sets of imprinting objects of different numerousness, domestic chicks prefer to approach the larger one. Given that choice for familiar and novel stimuli in imprinting situations is known to be affected by the sex of the animals, we investigated how male and female domestic chicks divide the time spent...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Lemaire BS,Rugani R,Regolin L,Vallortigara G

更新日期：2020-10-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Pet dogs are known to be responsive to human pointing gestures, but shelter dogs have repeatedly demonstrated poor abilities to follow human pointing, although they can be explicitly trained quickly. This study evaluated the time course in which shelter dogs learn to follow points without explicit training, when given...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Jarvis T,Hall NJ

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The main features of the Shuttle Box Active Avoidance paradigm (e.g., the use of simple locomotor response as an operant and electrical current as a primary reinforcer) make this task easily automated. However, learning in this paradigm cannot be easily separated from the specificity of fear motivation. Punishment and...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Berezhnoy DS,Zamorina TA,Inozemtsev AN

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Symmetry inference-that is, spontaneously deriving the stimulus association B-A from A-B-was recently reported in preverbal infants (Kabdebon & Dehaene-Lambertz, 2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116[12], 5805-5810) and regarded as a "building block for human cognit...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Chartier TF,Rey A

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ephemeral reward task consists of giving an animal a choice between two distinctive stimuli, A and B (e.g., black and white), on each of which is placed a bit of food. If the animal chooses the food on A, it gets that reinforcer, but the other stimulus, B, is removed, and the trial is over. If it chooses the food ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Zentall TR

更新日期：2020-06-24 00:00:00

abstract：:When humans procrastinate, they delay completing a required relatively aversive task. In the present experiments with pigeons, we considered the possibility that completing the task close to the deadline results in the formation of a stronger conditioned reinforcer. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given a choice between...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Zentall TR,Peng D,House D,Halloran M

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Howard, Avargues-Weber, Garcia, Greentree, and Dyer (Science Advances, 5,1-6, 2019) report experiments in which honeybees initially shown a number of shapes could subsequently choose a pattern that added or subtracted one from that number. Further, the operations of addition and subtraction were cued by the colors of ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Roberts WA

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Delay of reinforcement is generally thought to be inversely correlated with speed of acquisition. However, in the case of simultaneous discrimination learning, in which choice results in immediate reinforcement, delay of reinforcement can improve acquisition. For example, in the ephemeral reward task, animals are give...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Zentall TR

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A recent study by Saunders, Richard, Margolis, and Janak (2018) shows that there is a great deal left to learn about what different mesotelencephalic dopamine circuits contribute to learning about the motivational significance of reward-related cues. Their findings suggest that nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine pa...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Ostlund SB

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Prior categorization studies have shown that pigeons reliably track features that are relevant to category discrimination. In these studies, category exemplars contained two relevant and two irrelevant features; therefore, category density (specifically, the relevant to irrelevant information ratio) was relatively hig...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Sheridan CL,Castro L,Fonseca S,Wasserman EA

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proops, Grounds, Smith, and McComb (2018) suggest that horses remember previous emotional expressions of specific humans, and use these memories to adjust their behavior in future social interactions. Despite some methodological shortcomings, this study raises important questions on the complexity of social interactio...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Amici F

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three experiments, rats of different ages were trained in a circular pool to find a hidden platform whose location was defined in terms of a single landmark, a cylinder outside the pool. Following training, two main components of the landmark, its shape and pattern, were tested individually. Experiment 1 was perfor...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Chamizo VD,Torres MN,Rodríguez CA,Mackintosh NJ

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies of object-recognition memory in lab rats began in the late 1980s, using variants of the trial-unique delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) task. By the end of the 20th century, most investigators who wanted to study object-recognition in rodents had abandoned the DNMS task in favor of the novel-object-preferenc...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cole E,Simundic A,Mossa FP,Mumby DG

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An artificial-intelligence model based on deep learning developed units in a hidden layer that resembled mammalian grid cells in the hippocampus when the agent was taught to integrate paths. The full model performed sophisticated navigational tasks-in some cases even better than a human. ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Cheng K

更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats searched for food in a situation that allowed them to determine which locations contained food after searching a small number of them, but not which of the baited locations contained more-preferred food rather than a less-preferred food. During some experimental trials, the latter information was available from t...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Brown MF,Saxon ME,Heslin KA

更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Domestic dogs have become well known for their socio-cognitive successes, so what does it mean when domestic dogs fail to cooperate? A new study by Marshall-Pescini, Schwarz, Kostelnik, Virányi, and Range (PNAS, 114(44) 11793-11798, 2017) highlights the importance of considering socioecological context, learning, and ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Udell MAR

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Powers et al. (2017, Science, 357(6351), 596-600) report that Pavlovian conditioning can result in the perception of a stimulus in its absence, and that this effect is related to hallucinations outside the laboratory. Considered alongside similar studies in animals, this suggests that associatively produced perceptual...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Dwyer DM

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared the rate of acquisition and strength of retention of conditioned context aversion (CCA) with conditioned taste aversion (CTA) using pigmented, genetically heterogeneous mice (derived from Large and Small strains). Extending previous findings, in Experiment 1, mice accustomed to drinking from large glass bo...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Kislal S,Blizard DA

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Apes can correctly determine how to help a person with a false belief. But they may not need a concept of belief to do so. ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Andrews K

更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hungry rats were trained in a two-lever conditioning chamber to earn food reinforcement according to either a win-shift/lose-stay or a win-stay/lose-shift contingency. Performance on the two contingencies was similar when there was little delay between the initial, information part of the trial (i.e., win or lose) and...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Reed P

更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments explored the link between reward shifts and latent inhibition (LI). Using consummatory procedures, rewards were either downshifted from 32% to 4% sucrose (Experiments 1-2), or upshifted from 4% to 32% sucrose (Experiment 3). In both cases, appropriate unshifted controls were also included. LI was imp...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： De la Casa LG,Mena A,Ruiz-Salas JC,Quintero E,Papini MR

更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although social play is common to many species, humans are unique in their ability to extract some of the benefits of social play through imagination. For example, in play with imaginary companions (ICs), children often practice skills that might be useful for later adaptive social, relational, and emotional functioni...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Gleason TR

更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four experiments in human instrumental learning explored the associations involving the context that develop after three trials of training on simple discriminations. Experiments 1 and 4 found a deleterious effect of switching the learning context that cannot be explained by the context-outcome binary associations com...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Gámez AM,León SP,Rosas JM

更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent findings have indicated that European starlings perceive overall spectral shape and use this, rather than absolute pitch or timbre, to generalize between similar melodic progressions. This finding highlights yet another parallel between human and avian vocal communication systems and has many biological implica...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Templeton CN

更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The reciprocal exchange of goods and services among social partners is a conundrum in evolutionary biology because of its proneness to cheating, but also the behavioral and cognitive mechanisms involved in such mutual cooperation are hotly debated. Extreme viewpoints range from the assumption that, at the proximate le...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Dolivo V,Rutte C,Taborsky M

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A recent report suggested that chimpanzees demonstrate the cognitive capacities necessary to understand cooking (Warneken & Rosati, 2015). We offered alternative explanations and mechanisms that could account for the behavioral responses of those chimpanzees, and questioned the manner in which the data were used to ex...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Beran MJ,Hopper LM,de Waal FB,Brosnan SF,Sayers K

更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We recently reported a study (Warneken & Rosati Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20150229, 2015) examining whether chimpanzees possess several cognitive capacities that are critical to engage in cooking. In a subsequent commentary, Beran, Hopper, de Waal, Sayers, and Brosnan Learning & Behavior (2015) asserted...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Rosati AG,Warneken F

更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Behavior reduced as a consequence of extinction or intervention can relapse. According to behavioral momentum theory, the extent to which behavior persists and relapses once it has been eliminated depends on the relative training reinforcement rate among discriminative stimuli. In addition, studies of context renewal ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Miranda-Dukoski L,Bensemann J,Podlesnik CA

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Systematic variations in the rate and temporal patterns of responding under a multiple concurrent-chains schedule were quantified using recurrence metrics and self-organizing maps to assess whether individual rats showed consistent or idiosyncratic patterns. The results indicated that (1) the temporal regularity of re...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Mercado E 3rd,Orduña V

更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A novel learning process that does not require stimulus associations was explored in humans. The hypothesis was that two contextual stimuli taught in separate settings, with different stimuli, become equivalent if they accomplish identical functions with regard to the relations between the stimuli presented with them....

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Pérez-González LA,Díaz E,Fernández-García S,Baizán C

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pearce, Dopson, Haselgrove, and Esber (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 38, 167-179, 2012) conducted a series of experiments with rats and pigeons in which the conditioned responding elicited by two types of redundant cue was compared. One of these redundant cues was a blocked cue X from ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Jones PM,Pearce JM

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article introduces a new model of Pavlovian conditioning, attention as an acquisition and performance variable (AAPV), which, like several other so-called attentional models, emphasizes the role of variation of cue salience, together with associative strength, in accounting for conditioning phenomena. AAPV is pri...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Craddock P,Miller RR

更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Simultaneous protocols typically yield poorer stimulus equivalence outcomes than do other protocols commonly used in equivalence research. Two independent groups of three 3-member equivalence sets of stimuli were used in conditional discrimination procedures in two conditions, one using the standard simultaneous proto...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Imam AA,Warner TA

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reactivity to a reward is affected by prior experience with the different reinforcer values of that reward, a phenomenon known as incentive relativity, which can be studied using the consummatory succesive negative contrast (cSNC) paradigm, in which the performance of animals that receive a 4 % sucrose solution after ...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Justel N,Pautassi R,Mustaca A

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:How does the effectiveness of guiding cues influence the development of motor skill autonomy? We utilized two sets of guiding cues (lights vs. reversed-lights conditions) that differed in their effectiveness to control a left-right leverpress sequence in rats. We separately measured the development of stimulus control...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Reid AK,Demarco G,Smith K,Fort T,Cousins E

更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although it is thought that within-compound associations are necessary for the occurrence of both backward blocking and unovershadowing, it is not known whether this variable plays a similar role in mediating the two phenomena. Similarly, the roles of within-compound associations in forward blocking and in reduced ove...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Luque D,Flores A,Vadillo MA

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Are humans unique in their ability to interpret exogenous events as causes? We addressed this question by observing the behavior of rats for indications of causal learning. Within an operant motor-sensory preconditioning paradigm, associative surgical techniques revealed that rats attempted to control an outcome (i.e....

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Polack CW,McConnell BL,Miller RR

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments examined the effect of response-outcome contingencies on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Efficacy ratings generally followed the delta probability rule when positive response-outcome contingencies wer...

journal_title：Learning & behavior

authors： Dack C,McHugh L,Reed P

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00