Abstract:
:In three experiments, rats of different ages were trained in a circular pool to find a hidden platform whose location was defined in terms of a single landmark, a cylinder outside the pool. Following training, two main components of the landmark, its shape and pattern, were tested individually. Experiment 1 was performed by adolescent and adult rats (Exp. 1a, males; Exp. 1b, females). Adult rats always learned faster than the adolescent animals. On test trials, interesting tendencies were found-mainly, one favoring males on the shape test trial, and another favoring females on the pattern test trial. Experiment 2 was conducted only with adolescent rats, and these males and females did not differ when learning the task. However, on test trials the males learned more about the landmark shape component than about the landmark pattern component, while the females learned equally about the two components of the landmark. Finally, Experiment 3 was conducted only with adult rats, and again the males and females did not differ when learning the task. However, on test trials the males learned equally about the two components of the landmark (shape and pattern), but the females learned more about the landmark pattern component than about the landmark shape component. This set of experiments supports the claim that male and female rats can learn rather different things about a landmark that signals the location of the platform, with age being a critical variable.
journal_name
Learn Behavjournal_title
Learning & behaviorauthors
Chamizo VD,Torres MN,Rodríguez CA,Mackintosh NJdoi
10.3758/s13420-018-0364-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-06-01 00:00:00pages
156-165issue
2eissn
1543-4494issn
1543-4508pii
10.3758/s13420-018-0364-8journal_volume
47pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Four experiments in human instrumental learning explored the associations involving the context that develop after three trials of training on simple discriminations. Experiments 1 and 4 found a deleterious effect of switching the learning context that cannot be explained by the context-outcome binary associations com...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-016-0256-8
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reactivity to a reward is affected by prior experience with the different reinforcer values of that reward, a phenomenon known as incentive relativity, which can be studied using the consummatory succesive negative contrast (cSNC) paradigm, in which the performance of animals that receive a 4 % sucrose solution after ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0124-8
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::How does the effectiveness of guiding cues influence the development of motor skill autonomy? We utilized two sets of guiding cues (lights vs. reversed-lights conditions) that differed in their effectiveness to control a left-right leverpress sequence in rats. We separately measured the development of stimulus control...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0121-y
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three experiments examined the effect of response-outcome contingencies on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Efficacy ratings generally followed the delta probability rule when positive response-outcome contingencies wer...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0066-6
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Simultaneous protocols typically yield poorer stimulus equivalence outcomes than do other protocols commonly used in equivalence research. Two independent groups of three 3-member equivalence sets of stimuli were used in conditional discrimination procedures in two conditions, one using the standard simultaneous proto...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0128-4
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infants' memories are highly specific to their training stimuli; they rarely transfer learned responding. In two experiments, we asked whether sensory preconditioning facilitates the transfer of deferred imitation. In Experiments 1A and 1B, 6-month-olds were simultaneously preexposed to Puppets A and B and then saw ta...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03195974
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hungry rats were trained in a two-lever conditioning chamber to earn food reinforcement according to either a win-shift/lose-stay or a win-stay/lose-shift contingency. Performance on the two contingencies was similar when there was little delay between the initial, information part of the trial (i.e., win or lose) and...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-017-0289-7
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Socially learned behavior can be a crucial factor in how animals interact with their environment and, thus, in conservation and management. For species in which social learning and culture are important determinants of behavior, several factors complicate conservation and management. These include the rapid spread of ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.38.3.329
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In three Pavlovian magazine approach experiments, rats received conditioning of auditory and visual stimuli by pairing with a pellet. Then the stimuli received additional conditioning while presented in simultaneous compound and were tested either immediately or after a delay. The compound conditioning resulted in a d...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03192867
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three conditioned suppression experiments with rats as subjects investigated the influence of higher order associations in determining the response potential of a target stimulus. In these experiments, a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor was compounded with the target cue during extinction treatment. In Experiment 1, st...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.38.1.68
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30- or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only i...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-010-0012-4
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of object-recognition memory in lab rats began in the late 1980s, using variants of the trial-unique delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) task. By the end of the 20th century, most investigators who wanted to study object-recognition in rodents had abandoned the DNMS task in favor of the novel-object-preferenc...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0347-9
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We trained 7 pigeons to discriminate visual displays of 16 same items from displays of 16 different items. The specific stimulus features of the items and the relations among the items could serve as discriminative stimuli. Unlike in most studies of same-different discrimination behavior, we gave a small number of pro...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03196019
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Domestic dogs have become well known for their socio-cognitive successes, so what does it mean when domestic dogs fail to cooperate? A new study by Marshall-Pescini, Schwarz, Kostelnik, Virányi, and Range (PNAS, 114(44) 11793-11798, 2017) highlights the importance of considering socioecological context, learning, and ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0334-1
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::When humans procrastinate, they delay completing a required relatively aversive task. In the present experiments with pigeons, we considered the possibility that completing the task close to the deadline results in the formation of a stronger conditioned reinforcer. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given a choice between...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00397-2
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Delay of reinforcement is generally thought to be inversely correlated with speed of acquisition. However, in the case of simultaneous discrimination learning, in which choice results in immediate reinforcement, delay of reinforcement can improve acquisition. For example, in the ephemeral reward task, animals are give...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00407-3
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In four trace-conditioning experiments with rats, the influence on the blocking of differences between the blocking cue-unconditioned stimulus (US) and the blocked cue-US trace intervals was explored. Experiment 1 demonstrated blocking despite the blocked cue's having a shorter trace interval than the blocking cue in ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/lb.36.2.92
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of the reinforcer in instrumental discriminations has often been viewed as that of facilitating associative learning between a reinforced response and the discriminative stimulus that occasions it. The differential-outcome paradigm introduced by Trapold (1970), however, has provided compelling evidence that r...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/bf03196047
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rats searched for food in a situation that allowed them to determine which locations contained food after searching a small number of them, but not which of the baited locations contained more-preferred food rather than a less-preferred food. During some experimental trials, the latter information was available from t...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0322-5
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent findings have indicated that European starlings perceive overall spectral shape and use this, rather than absolute pitch or timbre, to generalize between similar melodic progressions. This finding highlights yet another parallel between human and avian vocal communication systems and has many biological implica...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-016-0237-y
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent report suggested that chimpanzees demonstrate the cognitive capacities necessary to understand cooking (Warneken & Rosati, 2015). We offered alternative explanations and mechanisms that could account for the behavioral responses of those chimpanzees, and questioned the manner in which the data were used to ex...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-016-0224-3
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In four experiments, rats were trained on different patterning discriminations before being tested with compounds composed of novel combinations of the trained stimuli. In Experiment 1, rats were trained on a negative-patterning schedule (A+ B+ AB-) intermixed with reinforced presentations of a second compound (CD+). ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.37.3.230
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prior categorization studies have shown that pigeons reliably track features that are relevant to category discrimination. In these studies, category exemplars contained two relevant and two irrelevant features; therefore, category density (specifically, the relevant to irrelevant information ratio) was relatively hig...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-019-00372-x
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although it is thought that within-compound associations are necessary for the occurrence of both backward blocking and unovershadowing, it is not known whether this variable plays a similar role in mediating the two phenomena. Similarly, the roles of within-compound associations in forward blocking and in reduced ove...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0085-3
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apes can correctly determine how to help a person with a false belief. But they may not need a concept of belief to do so. ...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-017-0288-8
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two experiments investigated extinction and blocking of a conditioned inhibitor in a human contingency-learning task. Lotz and Lachnit (2009) and Melchers, Wolff, and Lachnit (2006) reported extinction of inhibition only when participants experienced outcome levels lower than those used in training. In Experiment 1, w...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.38.4.394
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article introduces a new model of Pavlovian conditioning, attention as an acquisition and performance variable (AAPV), which, like several other so-called attentional models, emphasizes the role of variation of cue salience, together with associative strength, in accounting for conditioning phenomena. AAPV is pri...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-013-0131-9
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proops, Grounds, Smith, and McComb (2018) suggest that horses remember previous emotional expressions of specific humans, and use these memories to adjust their behavior in future social interactions. Despite some methodological shortcomings, this study raises important questions on the complexity of social interactio...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0363-9
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The attenuation of an LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) by LiCl preexposure is mediated primarily by associative blocking via injection-related cues. Given that preexposure to morphine attenuates morphine-induced CTAs, it was of interest to determine whether injection cues also mediate this effect. Certain...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/LB.38.2.103
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three experiments explored the link between reward shifts and latent inhibition (LI). Using consummatory procedures, rewards were either downshifted from 32% to 4% sucrose (Experiments 1-2), or upshifted from 4% to 32% sucrose (Experiment 3). In both cases, appropriate unshifted controls were also included. LI was imp...
journal_title:Learning & behavior
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3758/s13420-017-0282-1
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00