解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::The human animal type melanoma (ATM) is a rare subtype of melanoma characterised by the proliferation of pigmented dermal epithelioid and spindled melanocytes. However, this variant of melanoma is still lacking a precise nosography definition and classification for the difficulty to be distinguished from other more co...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2018.4
更新日期:2018-09-12 00:00:00
abstract::Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) is a form of muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in calpain 3 (CAPN3). Several studies have implicated Ca2+ dysregulation as an underlying event in several muscular dystrophies, including LGMD2A. In this study we used mouse and human myotube cultures, and muscle biops...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/erm.2016.9
更新日期:2016-04-08 00:00:00
abstract::Polydactyly is one of the most common inherited limb abnormalities, characterised by supernumerary fingers or toes. It results from disturbances in the normal programme of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb, with diverse aetiology and variable inter- and intra-familial clinical features. Polydactyly ca...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.18
更新日期:2015-10-30 00:00:00
abstract::Methylation of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) exon 1/intron 1 boundary positioned fragile X related epigenetic element 2 (FREE2), reveals skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in fragile X syndrome full mutation (FM: CGG > 200) females. XCI skewing has been also linked to abnormal X-linked gene expression ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.11
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Muscle fibres are very specialised cells with a complex structure that requires a high level of organisation of the constituent proteins. For muscle contraction to function properly, there is a need for not only sarcomeres, the contractile structures of the muscle fibre, but also costameres. These are supramolecular s...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.9
更新日期:2015-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::The HEDGEHOG-GLI (HH-GLI) signalling is a key pathway critical in embryonic development, stem cell biology and tissue homeostasis. In recent years, aberrant activation of HH-GLI signalling has been linked to several types of cancer, including those of the skin, brain, lungs, prostate, gastrointestinal tract and blood....
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.3
更新日期:2015-02-09 00:00:00
abstract::Humans and other vertebrates exhibit left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement of the internal organs, and failure to establish normal LR asymmetry leads to internal laterality disorders, including situs inversus and heterotaxy. Situs inversus is complete mirror-imaged arrangement of the internal organs along LR axis, wh...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.22
更新日期:2015-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::Angptl2 is a multifaceted protein, displaying both physiological and pathological functions, in which scientific and clinical interest is growing exponentially within the past few years. Its physiological functions are not well understood, but angptl2 was first acknowledged for its pro-angiogenic and antiapoptotic cap...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.19
更新日期:2014-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::Muscular dystrophies are a group of diseases characterised by the primary wasting of skeletal muscle, which compromises patient mobility and in the most severe cases originate a complete paralysis and premature death. Existing evidence implicates calcium dysregulation as an underlying crucial event in the pathophysiol...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.17
更新日期:2014-10-08 00:00:00
abstract::Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical condition with no effective treatment. Tubular cells are key targets in AKI. Tubular cells and, specifically, proximal tubular cells are extremely rich in mitochondria and mitochondrial changes had long been known to be a feature of AKI. However, only recent advances in ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.14
更新日期:2014-08-08 00:00:00
abstract::The identification of multipotent adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) has raised hope that tissue regeneration approaches established with bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC) can be reproduced with a cell-type that is far more accessible in large quantities. Recent detailed comparisons, however, revealed subtle f...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.9
更新日期:2014-05-09 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental and human studies have shown that proteinuria contributes to the progression of renal disease. Overexposure to filtered proteins promotes the expression and release of chemokines by tubular epithelial cells, thus leading to inflammatory cell recruitment and renal impairment. This review focuses on recent ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.3
更新日期:2014-02-17 00:00:00
abstract::Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol produced by plants and is proposed to have multiple beneficial effects on health. In recent years, the interest in this molecule has increased nearly exponentially following the major findings that RSV (I) is chemo-preventive in some cancer models, (II) is cardio-protective an...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2013.11
更新日期:2013-09-23 00:00:00
abstract::Engineered tissue derived from ocular surface stem cells (SCs) are a cutting edge biotechnology for repair and restoration of severely damaged eyes as a result of ocular surface dysfunction because of SC failure. Ex-vivo SC expansion techniques have advanced significantly since the first patients were treated in the l...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2013.5
更新日期:2013-06-25 00:00:00
abstract::Ectopic pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy implanted outside the uterus, and >98% implant in the Fallopian tube. It has a major clinical and socioeconomic impact worldwide. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is often difficult and resource intensive owing to a lack of accurate biomarkers, and there is a need for impr...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2011.2
更新日期:2012-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::Glioblastoma multiforme, because of its invasive nature, can be considered a disease of the entire brain. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, current treatment regimens have only a marginal impact on patient survival. A crucial challenge is to deliver drugs effectively to invasive glioma...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399411001888
更新日期:2011-05-13 00:00:00
abstract::Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic marking of genes in the parental germline that ensures the stable transmission of monoallelic gene expression patterns in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Epigenetic marking systems are thus able to regulate gene activity independently of the underlying DNA sequence. Several impr...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001717
更新日期:2011-01-25 00:00:00
abstract::The use of mouse models in medical research has greatly contributed to our understanding of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the mechanisms of disease progression in the context of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Maintenance of glucose homeostasis involves a complex interplay of many genes an...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001729
更新日期:2011-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::The pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG1) encodes a multifunctional protein (PTTG) that is overexpressed in numerous tumours, including pituitary, thyroid, breast and ovarian carcinomas. PTTG induces cellular transformation in vitro and tumourigenesis in vivo, and several mechanisms by which PTTG contributes to tu...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001699
更新日期:2010-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::Since the discovery of noncoding small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), and their roles as potential tumour suppressors or oncogenes, post-transcriptional and translational control of gene expression have become increasingly important in cancer research. Given that over a third of coding genes, as estimated by computa...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001663
更新日期:2010-10-14 00:00:00
abstract::Appropriately functioning adipose tissue is essential for human health, a fact most clearly illustrated by individuals with lipodystrophy, who have impaired adipose development and often suffer severe metabolic disease as a result. Humans with obesity display a similar array of metabolic problems. This reflects failur...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001547
更新日期:2010-08-02 00:00:00
abstract::Imaging has become a crucial tool in oncology throughout the course of disease detection and management, and is an integral part of clinical trials. Anatomical and functional imaging led the way, providing valuable information used in the diagnosis of disease, including data regarding the size and location of the tumo...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001511
更新日期:2010-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Common to all forms of chronic kidney disease is the progressive scarring of the tubulo-interstitial space, associated with the acquisition and accumulation of activated myofibroblasts. Many of these myofibroblasts are generated when tubular epithelial cells progressively lose their epithelial characteristics (cell-ce...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001481
更新日期:2010-05-27 00:00:00
abstract::The human brain is a highly complex organ with remarkable energy demands. Although it represents only 2% of the total body weight, it accounts for 20% of all oxygen consumption, reflecting its high rate of metabolic activity. Mitochondria have a crucial role in the supply of energy to the brain. Consequently, their de...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001456
更新日期:2010-04-19 00:00:00
abstract::The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are released from enteroendocrine cells in the intestinal epithelium in response to nutrient ingestion. The actions of GLP-1 and GIP - not only on local gut physiology but also on glucose homeostasis, appetite ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S146239940900132X
更新日期:2010-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::Spinal cord injury is one of the most devastating conditions that affects the central nervous system. It can lead to permanent disability and there are around two million people affected worldwide. After injury, accumulation of myelin debris and formation of an inhibitory glial scar at the site of injury leads to a ph...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S1462399409001288
更新日期:2009-12-08 00:00:00
abstract::Gap junctions allow the exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells through intercellular channels formed by connexin proteins, which can also form functional hemichannels in nonjunctional membranes. Mutations in connexin genes cause a variety of human diseases. For example, mutations in GJB2, the gene...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399409001276
更新日期:2009-11-19 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelial hyperpermeability is a significant problem in vascular inflammation associated with trauma, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes, thrombosis and cancer. An important mechanism underlying this process is increased paracellular leakage of plasma fluid and protei...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399409001112
更新日期:2009-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::Antisense oligonucleotides as a therapeutic platform have been slow to progress since the approval of the first antisense drug in 1998. Recently, there have been several examples of convincing antisense interventions in animal models and promising clinical trial data. This review considers the factors determining the ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399409001021
更新日期:2009-03-23 00:00:00
abstract::It was suggested half a century ago that electrical impulses from the lateral hypothalamic area stimulate breathing. It is now emerging that these effects may be mediated, at least in part, by neurons containing orexin neuropeptides (also known as hypocretins). These cells promote wakefulness and consciousness, and th...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399408000823
更新日期:2008-10-02 00:00:00
abstract::Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes whose functions are regulated by self and foreign glycolipid antigens presented by the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Activation of iNKT cells in vivo results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regul...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399408000732
更新日期:2008-07-07 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR is a central element in an evolutionary conserved signalling pathway that regulates cell growth, survival and proliferation, orchestrating signals originating from growth factors, nutrients or particular stress stimuli. Two important modulators of mTOR activity are the AKT and ER...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399408000586
更新日期:2008-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::Infantile haemangioma is the most common tumour of infancy, yet the origin of these lesions remains controversial and the predictable life cycle is poorly understood. Much new information on infantile haemangiomas has emerged over the past decade, but experts continue to debate fundamental features, including cell of ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S146239940700052X
更新日期:2007-11-29 00:00:00
abstract::Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies (Abs) are associated with thrombosis and pregnancy loss in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a disorder initially characterised in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but now known to occur in the absence of other autoimmune disease. There is strong evidence that aPL Abs a...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399407000506
更新日期:2007-11-13 00:00:00
abstract::Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) involve the migration of abnormal numbers of self-directed leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier that normally separates the CNS from the immune system. The cardinal lesion associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is the perivascular infiltrate, which compr...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399407000397
更新日期:2007-07-19 00:00:00
abstract::Epithelial ovarian cancer comprises several subtypes of tumours that exhibit diverse histopathological features. The intriguing assumption by many epithelial ovarian cancers of specialised features of nonovarian tissue lineages has promoted considerable debate as to whether these tumours arise from the deceptively sim...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399407000324
更新日期:2007-05-04 00:00:00
abstract::Innate immune receptors play a key role in the early recognition of invading bacterial pathogens and initiate the crucial innate immune response. The diverse macrophage receptors recognise Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via conserved structures on the bacterial surface and facilitate phagocytosis and/or sign...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399406000159
更新日期:2006-11-22 00:00:00
abstract::Many viruses, with distinct replication strategies, activate DNA-damage response pathways, including the lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the DNA viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1, adenovirus and SV40. DNA-damage response pathways involving DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia-t...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399406010544
更新日期:2006-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::Several genetic loci appear to be involved in susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Some loci are disease specific, whereas others appear to exert a general effect on the autoimmune disease process. Despite a large number of studies of many different diseases, consistent associations with multiple autoimmune disorders...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399405009981
更新日期:2005-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that arises from lack of expression of paternally inherited genes known to be imprinted and located in the chromosome 15q11-q13 region. PWS is considered the most common syndromal cause of life-threatening obesity and is estimated at 1 in 10,000 to 20,000 in...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399405009531
更新日期:2005-07-25 00:00:00