Abstract:
:The mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR is a central element in an evolutionary conserved signalling pathway that regulates cell growth, survival and proliferation, orchestrating signals originating from growth factors, nutrients or particular stress stimuli. Two important modulators of mTOR activity are the AKT and ERK/MAPK signalling pathways. Many studies have shown that mTOR plays an important role in the biology of malignant cells, including deregulation of the cell cycle, inactivation of apoptotic machinery and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. The development of several mTOR inhibitors, in addition to rapamycin, has facilitated studies of the role of mTOR in cancer, and verified the antitumour effect of mTOR inhibition in many types of neoplasms, including lymphomas. Clinical trials of rapamycin derivatives in lymphoma patients are already in development and there are encouraging preliminary results, such as the substantial response of a subset of mantle cell lymphoma patients to the rapamycin analogue temsirolimus. Based on results obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies of the mTOR pathway in lymphomas, it seems that better understanding of mTOR regulation will reveal aspects of lymphomagenesis and contribute to the development of more powerful, targeted therapies for lymphoma patients.
journal_name
Expert Rev Mol Medjournal_title
Expert reviews in molecular medicineauthors
Drakos E,Rassidakis GZ,Medeiros LJdoi
10.1017/S1462399408000586subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-02-04 00:00:00pages
e4issn
1462-3994pii
S1462399408000586journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are released from enteroendocrine cells in the intestinal epithelium in response to nutrient ingestion. The actions of GLP-1 and GIP - not only on local gut physiology but also on glucose homeostasis, appetite ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S146239940900132X
更新日期:2010-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::Several genetic loci appear to be involved in susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Some loci are disease specific, whereas others appear to exert a general effect on the autoimmune disease process. Despite a large number of studies of many different diseases, consistent associations with multiple autoimmune disorders...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399405009981
更新日期:2005-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) involve the migration of abnormal numbers of self-directed leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier that normally separates the CNS from the immune system. The cardinal lesion associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is the perivascular infiltrate, which compr...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399407000397
更新日期:2007-07-19 00:00:00
abstract::Ectopic pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy implanted outside the uterus, and >98% implant in the Fallopian tube. It has a major clinical and socioeconomic impact worldwide. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is often difficult and resource intensive owing to a lack of accurate biomarkers, and there is a need for impr...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2011.2
更新日期:2012-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::The identification of multipotent adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) has raised hope that tissue regeneration approaches established with bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC) can be reproduced with a cell-type that is far more accessible in large quantities. Recent detailed comparisons, however, revealed subtle f...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.9
更新日期:2014-05-09 00:00:00
abstract::Infants born with severe combined immune deficiencies are prone to life-threatening infections and, without treatment, do not survive beyond the first year of life. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a fully matched donor offers the possibility of cure. In the absence of a suitable matched donor, haploident...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399404007884
更新日期:2004-07-02 00:00:00
abstract::Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes whose functions are regulated by self and foreign glycolipid antigens presented by the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Activation of iNKT cells in vivo results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regul...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399408000732
更新日期:2008-07-07 00:00:00
abstract::It was suggested half a century ago that electrical impulses from the lateral hypothalamic area stimulate breathing. It is now emerging that these effects may be mediated, at least in part, by neurons containing orexin neuropeptides (also known as hypocretins). These cells promote wakefulness and consciousness, and th...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399408000823
更新日期:2008-10-02 00:00:00
abstract::Muscular dystrophies are a group of diseases characterised by the primary wasting of skeletal muscle, which compromises patient mobility and in the most severe cases originate a complete paralysis and premature death. Existing evidence implicates calcium dysregulation as an underlying crucial event in the pathophysiol...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.17
更新日期:2014-10-08 00:00:00
abstract::The human animal type melanoma (ATM) is a rare subtype of melanoma characterised by the proliferation of pigmented dermal epithelioid and spindled melanocytes. However, this variant of melanoma is still lacking a precise nosography definition and classification for the difficulty to be distinguished from other more co...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2018.4
更新日期:2018-09-12 00:00:00
abstract::Methylation of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) exon 1/intron 1 boundary positioned fragile X related epigenetic element 2 (FREE2), reveals skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in fragile X syndrome full mutation (FM: CGG > 200) females. XCI skewing has been also linked to abnormal X-linked gene expression ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.11
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Innate immune receptors play a key role in the early recognition of invading bacterial pathogens and initiate the crucial innate immune response. The diverse macrophage receptors recognise Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via conserved structures on the bacterial surface and facilitate phagocytosis and/or sign...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399406000159
更新日期:2006-11-22 00:00:00
abstract::Glioblastoma multiforme, because of its invasive nature, can be considered a disease of the entire brain. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, current treatment regimens have only a marginal impact on patient survival. A crucial challenge is to deliver drugs effectively to invasive glioma...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399411001888
更新日期:2011-05-13 00:00:00
abstract::Gap junctions allow the exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells through intercellular channels formed by connexin proteins, which can also form functional hemichannels in nonjunctional membranes. Mutations in connexin genes cause a variety of human diseases. For example, mutations in GJB2, the gene...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399409001276
更新日期:2009-11-19 00:00:00
abstract::Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol produced by plants and is proposed to have multiple beneficial effects on health. In recent years, the interest in this molecule has increased nearly exponentially following the major findings that RSV (I) is chemo-preventive in some cancer models, (II) is cardio-protective an...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2013.11
更新日期:2013-09-23 00:00:00
abstract::The human brain is a highly complex organ with remarkable energy demands. Although it represents only 2% of the total body weight, it accounts for 20% of all oxygen consumption, reflecting its high rate of metabolic activity. Mitochondria have a crucial role in the supply of energy to the brain. Consequently, their de...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001456
更新日期:2010-04-19 00:00:00
abstract::Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) accounts for 5-10% of deaths from Alzheimer's disease (AD), and approximately 50% of these cases have been definitely linked to missense mutations in three genes, encoding the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2). Of these, the vast majority of F...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399402005008
更新日期:2002-08-22 00:00:00
abstract::Atherosclerosis is a pathological process that takes place in the major arteries and is the underlying cause of heart attacks, stroke and peripheral artery disease. The earliest detectable lesions, called fatty streaks, contain macrophage foam cells that are derived from recruited monocytes. More-advanced atherosclero...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S1462399401003696
更新日期:2001-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::Ebola virus (EBOV) gained public notoriety in the last decade largely as a consequence of the highly publicized isolation of a new EBOV species in a suburb of Washington, DC, in 1989, together with the dramatic clinical presentation of EBOV infection and high case-fatality rate in Africa (near 90% in some outbreaks), ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399404008300
更新日期:2004-09-21 00:00:00
abstract::Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies (Abs) are associated with thrombosis and pregnancy loss in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a disorder initially characterised in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but now known to occur in the absence of other autoimmune disease. There is strong evidence that aPL Abs a...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399407000506
更新日期:2007-11-13 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental and human studies have shown that proteinuria contributes to the progression of renal disease. Overexposure to filtered proteins promotes the expression and release of chemokines by tubular epithelial cells, thus leading to inflammatory cell recruitment and renal impairment. This review focuses on recent ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.3
更新日期:2014-02-17 00:00:00
abstract::Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are ubiquitous DNA viruses that infect cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. A subset of HPVs infects the female genital tract, to induce cervical lesions that can progress to malignancy in some women. DNA from HPVs can be found in >94% of cervical carcinomas (CaCx) worldwide; this strong asso...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S1462399498000210
更新日期:1998-07-03 00:00:00
abstract::Carcinoma of the stomach is one of the most prevalent cancer types in the world today. Only a limited number of biomarkers are available for detection and prognostic evaluation of gastric cancer. New advances in identifying molecular biomarkers are essential. Two major forms of gastric cancer are distinguished accordi...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399402004337
更新日期:2002-03-21 00:00:00
abstract::Polydactyly is one of the most common inherited limb abnormalities, characterised by supernumerary fingers or toes. It results from disturbances in the normal programme of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb, with diverse aetiology and variable inter- and intra-familial clinical features. Polydactyly ca...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.18
更新日期:2015-10-30 00:00:00
abstract::Angptl2 is a multifaceted protein, displaying both physiological and pathological functions, in which scientific and clinical interest is growing exponentially within the past few years. Its physiological functions are not well understood, but angptl2 was first acknowledged for its pro-angiogenic and antiapoptotic cap...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.19
更新日期:2014-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::Many viruses, with distinct replication strategies, activate DNA-damage response pathways, including the lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the DNA viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1, adenovirus and SV40. DNA-damage response pathways involving DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia-t...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399406010544
更新日期:2006-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with an important genetic component. The strongest genetic association is with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. Several MHC alleles predispose to the disease, the most prominent of which are certain alleles in the HLA-DR2 haplotype. Functional and stru...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399405008914
更新日期:2005-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::The pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG1) encodes a multifunctional protein (PTTG) that is overexpressed in numerous tumours, including pituitary, thyroid, breast and ovarian carcinomas. PTTG induces cellular transformation in vitro and tumourigenesis in vivo, and several mechanisms by which PTTG contributes to tu...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001699
更新日期:2010-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::Antisense oligonucleotides as a therapeutic platform have been slow to progress since the approval of the first antisense drug in 1998. Recently, there have been several examples of convincing antisense interventions in animal models and promising clinical trial data. This review considers the factors determining the ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399409001021
更新日期:2009-03-23 00:00:00
abstract::Transthyretin (TTR) is a transport protein for thyroid hormones and vitamin A and might have an important role in the nervous system. However, TTR can undergo a conformational change and form amyloid fibrils, in both acquired and hereditary forms of systemic amyloidosis. More than 80 TTR mutations have been associated...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399402004647
更新日期:2002-05-14 00:00:00