Abstract:
:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with an important genetic component. The strongest genetic association is with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. Several MHC alleles predispose to the disease, the most prominent of which are certain alleles in the HLA-DR2 haplotype. Functional and structural studies have helped to explain the molecular basis of these associations. Although there is currently no curative treatment for MS, an increased understanding of the disease has aided the design of immunotherapies that act on the immune system more specifically than the longstanding drugs. Many of these therapies work at the antigen-specific level, disrupting the interaction between T-cell receptors and MHC molecules that leads to disease.
journal_name
Expert Rev Mol Medjournal_title
Expert reviews in molecular medicineauthors
Holmes S,Friese MA,Siebold C,Jones EY,Bell J,Fugger Ldoi
10.1017/S1462399405008914keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-02-14 00:00:00pages
1-17issue
3issn
1462-3994pii
S1462399405008914journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Memory is the process by which organisms are able to record their experiences, and use this information to adapt their responses to the environment. As such, it is vital for survival. In recent years, the development of spatially and temporally selective techniques for the regulation of gene expression has allowed the...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399403006707
更新日期:2003-10-07 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental and human studies have shown that proteinuria contributes to the progression of renal disease. Overexposure to filtered proteins promotes the expression and release of chemokines by tubular epithelial cells, thus leading to inflammatory cell recruitment and renal impairment. This review focuses on recent ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.3
更新日期:2014-02-17 00:00:00
abstract::Glioblastoma multiforme, because of its invasive nature, can be considered a disease of the entire brain. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, current treatment regimens have only a marginal impact on patient survival. A crucial challenge is to deliver drugs effectively to invasive glioma...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399411001888
更新日期:2011-05-13 00:00:00
abstract::Ectopic pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy implanted outside the uterus, and >98% implant in the Fallopian tube. It has a major clinical and socioeconomic impact worldwide. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is often difficult and resource intensive owing to a lack of accurate biomarkers, and there is a need for impr...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2011.2
更新日期:2012-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::Epithelial ovarian cancer comprises several subtypes of tumours that exhibit diverse histopathological features. The intriguing assumption by many epithelial ovarian cancers of specialised features of nonovarian tissue lineages has promoted considerable debate as to whether these tumours arise from the deceptively sim...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399407000324
更新日期:2007-05-04 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR is a central element in an evolutionary conserved signalling pathway that regulates cell growth, survival and proliferation, orchestrating signals originating from growth factors, nutrients or particular stress stimuli. Two important modulators of mTOR activity are the AKT and ER...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399408000586
更新日期:2008-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::The HEDGEHOG-GLI (HH-GLI) signalling is a key pathway critical in embryonic development, stem cell biology and tissue homeostasis. In recent years, aberrant activation of HH-GLI signalling has been linked to several types of cancer, including those of the skin, brain, lungs, prostate, gastrointestinal tract and blood....
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.3
更新日期:2015-02-09 00:00:00
abstract::Engineered tissue derived from ocular surface stem cells (SCs) are a cutting edge biotechnology for repair and restoration of severely damaged eyes as a result of ocular surface dysfunction because of SC failure. Ex-vivo SC expansion techniques have advanced significantly since the first patients were treated in the l...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2013.5
更新日期:2013-06-25 00:00:00
abstract::Muscle fibres are very specialised cells with a complex structure that requires a high level of organisation of the constituent proteins. For muscle contraction to function properly, there is a need for not only sarcomeres, the contractile structures of the muscle fibre, but also costameres. These are supramolecular s...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.9
更新日期:2015-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::Advances in molecular biology and immunology have renewed interest in the development of vaccines for the treatment or prevention of cancer. Research over the past 10 years has focused on the identification of suitable tumour antigens to use as targets for a variety of vaccine strategies. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S146239940000168X
更新日期:2000-04-19 00:00:00
abstract::Human tumours emerge as the result of multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations that allow the proto-cancer cell to escape normal social control. Many signal transduction pathways become constitutively active during this process, and one whose importance is increasingly being appreciated involves phosphoinositide 3-...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399405009361
更新日期:2005-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::The pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG1) encodes a multifunctional protein (PTTG) that is overexpressed in numerous tumours, including pituitary, thyroid, breast and ovarian carcinomas. PTTG induces cellular transformation in vitro and tumourigenesis in vivo, and several mechanisms by which PTTG contributes to tu...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001699
更新日期:2010-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::The human brain is a highly complex organ with remarkable energy demands. Although it represents only 2% of the total body weight, it accounts for 20% of all oxygen consumption, reflecting its high rate of metabolic activity. Mitochondria have a crucial role in the supply of energy to the brain. Consequently, their de...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001456
更新日期:2010-04-19 00:00:00
abstract::Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes whose functions are regulated by self and foreign glycolipid antigens presented by the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Activation of iNKT cells in vivo results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regul...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399408000732
更新日期:2008-07-07 00:00:00
abstract::The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) harbours genes whose primary function in regulating immune responsiveness to infection is to present foreign antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and T helper cells. In the case of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), defining the optimal HIV epitopes that a...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399403005957
更新日期:2003-02-24 00:00:00
abstract::Several genetic loci appear to be involved in susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Some loci are disease specific, whereas others appear to exert a general effect on the autoimmune disease process. Despite a large number of studies of many different diseases, consistent associations with multiple autoimmune disorders...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399405009981
更新日期:2005-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic marking of genes in the parental germline that ensures the stable transmission of monoallelic gene expression patterns in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Epigenetic marking systems are thus able to regulate gene activity independently of the underlying DNA sequence. Several impr...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001717
更新日期:2011-01-25 00:00:00
abstract::Asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are allergic immune disorders characterised by a predominance of T helper 2 (Th2) cells, the resulting elevation of allergen-specific IgE, and mast-cell- and basophil-associated inflammation. The cytokine environment at the site of the initial antigen stimulation determi...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399404008348
更新日期:2004-10-22 00:00:00
abstract::Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are ubiquitous DNA viruses that infect cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. A subset of HPVs infects the female genital tract, to induce cervical lesions that can progress to malignancy in some women. DNA from HPVs can be found in >94% of cervical carcinomas (CaCx) worldwide; this strong asso...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S1462399498000210
更新日期:1998-07-03 00:00:00
abstract::Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol produced by plants and is proposed to have multiple beneficial effects on health. In recent years, the interest in this molecule has increased nearly exponentially following the major findings that RSV (I) is chemo-preventive in some cancer models, (II) is cardio-protective an...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2013.11
更新日期:2013-09-23 00:00:00
abstract::Spinal cord injury is one of the most devastating conditions that affects the central nervous system. It can lead to permanent disability and there are around two million people affected worldwide. After injury, accumulation of myelin debris and formation of an inhibitory glial scar at the site of injury leads to a ph...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S1462399409001288
更新日期:2009-12-08 00:00:00
abstract::Polydactyly is one of the most common inherited limb abnormalities, characterised by supernumerary fingers or toes. It results from disturbances in the normal programme of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb, with diverse aetiology and variable inter- and intra-familial clinical features. Polydactyly ca...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2015.18
更新日期:2015-10-30 00:00:00
abstract::Innate immune receptors play a key role in the early recognition of invading bacterial pathogens and initiate the crucial innate immune response. The diverse macrophage receptors recognise Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via conserved structures on the bacterial surface and facilitate phagocytosis and/or sign...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399406000159
更新日期:2006-11-22 00:00:00
abstract::Transthyretin (TTR) is a transport protein for thyroid hormones and vitamin A and might have an important role in the nervous system. However, TTR can undergo a conformational change and form amyloid fibrils, in both acquired and hereditary forms of systemic amyloidosis. More than 80 TTR mutations have been associated...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399402004647
更新日期:2002-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::Many viruses, with distinct replication strategies, activate DNA-damage response pathways, including the lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the DNA viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1, adenovirus and SV40. DNA-damage response pathways involving DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia-t...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399406010544
更新日期:2006-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::It was suggested half a century ago that electrical impulses from the lateral hypothalamic area stimulate breathing. It is now emerging that these effects may be mediated, at least in part, by neurons containing orexin neuropeptides (also known as hypocretins). These cells promote wakefulness and consciousness, and th...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399408000823
更新日期:2008-10-02 00:00:00
abstract::The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are released from enteroendocrine cells in the intestinal epithelium in response to nutrient ingestion. The actions of GLP-1 and GIP - not only on local gut physiology but also on glucose homeostasis, appetite ...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S146239940900132X
更新日期:2010-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::Muscular dystrophies are a group of diseases characterised by the primary wasting of skeletal muscle, which compromises patient mobility and in the most severe cases originate a complete paralysis and premature death. Existing evidence implicates calcium dysregulation as an underlying crucial event in the pathophysiol...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/erm.2014.17
更新日期:2014-10-08 00:00:00
abstract::The use of mouse models in medical research has greatly contributed to our understanding of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the mechanisms of disease progression in the context of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Maintenance of glucose homeostasis involves a complex interplay of many genes an...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399410001729
更新日期:2011-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Gap junctions allow the exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells through intercellular channels formed by connexin proteins, which can also form functional hemichannels in nonjunctional membranes. Mutations in connexin genes cause a variety of human diseases. For example, mutations in GJB2, the gene...
journal_title:Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S1462399409001276
更新日期:2009-11-19 00:00:00