Abstract：
:It was suggested half a century ago that electrical impulses from the lateral hypothalamic area stimulate breathing. It is now emerging that these effects may be mediated, at least in part, by neurons containing orexin neuropeptides (also known as hypocretins). These cells promote wakefulness and consciousness, and their loss results in narcolepsy. Recent data also show that orexin neurons directly project to respiratory centres in the brainstem, which express orexin receptors, and where injection of orexin stimulates breathing. Because orexin neurons receive inputs that signal metabolic, sleep/wake and emotional states, it is tempting to speculate that they may regulate breathing according to these parameters. Knockout of the orexin gene in mice reduces CO2-induced increases in breathing by approximately 50% and increases the frequency of spontaneous sleep apneas. The relationship between orexins and breathing may be bidirectional: the rate of breathing controls acid and CO2 levels, and these signals alter the electrical activity of orexin neurons in vitro. Overall, these findings suggest that orexins are important for the regulation of breathing and may potentially play a role in the pathophysiology and medical treatment of respiratory disorders.
journal_name
Expert Rev Mol Medjournal_title
Expert reviews in molecular medicineauthors
Williams RH,Burdakov Ddoi
10.1017/S1462399408000823subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-10-02 00:00:00pages
e28issn
1462-3994pii
S1462399408000823journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Spinal cord injury is one of the most devastating conditions that affects the central nervous system. It can lead to permanent disability and there are around two million people affected worldwide. After injury, accumulation of myelin debris and formation of an inhibitory glial scar at the site of injury leads to a ph...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1017/S1462399409001288
更新日期：2009-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in molecular biology and immunology have renewed interest in the development of vaccines for the treatment or prevention of cancer. Research over the past 10 years has focused on the identification of suitable tumour antigens to use as targets for a variety of vaccine strategies. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1017/S146239940000168X
更新日期：2000-04-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Transthyretin (TTR) is a transport protein for thyroid hormones and vitamin A and might have an important role in the nervous system. However, TTR can undergo a conformational change and form amyloid fibrils, in both acquired and hereditary forms of systemic amyloidosis. More than 80 TTR mutations have been associated...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399402004647
更新日期：2002-05-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature, is an integral part of physiological processes such as embryonic development, the female reproductive cycle and wound healing. Angiogenesis is also central to a variety of pathologies including cancer, where it is recognised as being c...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399403006628
更新日期：2003-09-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Carcinoma of the stomach is one of the most prevalent cancer types in the world today. Only a limited number of biomarkers are available for detection and prognostic evaluation of gastric cancer. New advances in identifying molecular biomarkers are essential. Two major forms of gastric cancer are distinguished accordi...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399402004337
更新日期：2002-03-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) accounts for 5-10% of deaths from Alzheimer's disease (AD), and approximately 50% of these cases have been definitely linked to missense mutations in three genes, encoding the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2). Of these, the vast majority of F...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399402005008
更新日期：2002-08-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic marking of genes in the parental germline that ensures the stable transmission of monoallelic gene expression patterns in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Epigenetic marking systems are thus able to regulate gene activity independently of the underlying DNA sequence. Several impr...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399410001717
更新日期：2011-01-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes whose functions are regulated by self and foreign glycolipid antigens presented by the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Activation of iNKT cells in vivo results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regul...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399408000732
更新日期：2008-07-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Humans and other vertebrates exhibit left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement of the internal organs, and failure to establish normal LR asymmetry leads to internal laterality disorders, including situs inversus and heterotaxy. Situs inversus is complete mirror-imaged arrangement of the internal organs along LR axis, wh...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/erm.2014.22
更新日期：2015-01-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Memory is the process by which organisms are able to record their experiences, and use this information to adapt their responses to the environment. As such, it is vital for survival. In recent years, the development of spatially and temporally selective techniques for the regulation of gene expression has allowed the...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399403006707
更新日期：2003-10-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Endothelial hyperpermeability is a significant problem in vascular inflammation associated with trauma, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes, thrombosis and cancer. An important mechanism underlying this process is increased paracellular leakage of plasma fluid and protei...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399409001112
更新日期：2009-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of mouse models in medical research has greatly contributed to our understanding of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the mechanisms of disease progression in the context of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Maintenance of glucose homeostasis involves a complex interplay of many genes an...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399410001729
更新日期：2011-01-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The identification of multipotent adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) has raised hope that tissue regeneration approaches established with bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC) can be reproduced with a cell-type that is far more accessible in large quantities. Recent detailed comparisons, however, revealed subtle f...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/erm.2014.9
更新日期：2014-05-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Appropriately functioning adipose tissue is essential for human health, a fact most clearly illustrated by individuals with lipodystrophy, who have impaired adipose development and often suffer severe metabolic disease as a result. Humans with obesity display a similar array of metabolic problems. This reflects failur...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399410001547
更新日期：2010-08-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Imaging has become a crucial tool in oncology throughout the course of disease detection and management, and is an integral part of clinical trials. Anatomical and functional imaging led the way, providing valuable information used in the diagnosis of disease, including data regarding the size and location of the tumo...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399410001511
更新日期：2010-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Human tumours emerge as the result of multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations that allow the proto-cancer cell to escape normal social control. Many signal transduction pathways become constitutively active during this process, and one whose importance is increasingly being appreciated involves phosphoinositide 3-...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399405009361
更新日期：2005-06-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Muscle fibres are very specialised cells with a complex structure that requires a high level of organisation of the constituent proteins. For muscle contraction to function properly, there is a need for not only sarcomeres, the contractile structures of the muscle fibre, but also costameres. These are supramolecular s...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/erm.2015.9
更新日期：2015-06-19 00:00:00
abstract：:The pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG1) encodes a multifunctional protein (PTTG) that is overexpressed in numerous tumours, including pituitary, thyroid, breast and ovarian carcinomas. PTTG induces cellular transformation in vitro and tumourigenesis in vivo, and several mechanisms by which PTTG contributes to tu...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399410001699
更新日期：2010-12-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) is a form of muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in calpain 3 (CAPN3). Several studies have implicated Ca2+ dysregulation as an underlying event in several muscular dystrophies, including LGMD2A. In this study we used mouse and human myotube cultures, and muscle biops...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1017/erm.2016.9
更新日期：2016-04-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Innate immune receptors play a key role in the early recognition of invading bacterial pathogens and initiate the crucial innate immune response. The diverse macrophage receptors recognise Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via conserved structures on the bacterial surface and facilitate phagocytosis and/or sign...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399406000159
更新日期：2006-11-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Many viruses, with distinct replication strategies, activate DNA-damage response pathways, including the lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the DNA viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1, adenovirus and SV40. DNA-damage response pathways involving DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia-t...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399406010544
更新日期：2006-03-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the discovery of noncoding small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), and their roles as potential tumour suppressors or oncogenes, post-transcriptional and translational control of gene expression have become increasingly important in cancer research. Given that over a third of coding genes, as estimated by computa...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399410001663
更新日期：2010-10-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Engineered tissue derived from ocular surface stem cells (SCs) are a cutting edge biotechnology for repair and restoration of severely damaged eyes as a result of ocular surface dysfunction because of SC failure. Ex-vivo SC expansion techniques have advanced significantly since the first patients were treated in the l...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/erm.2013.5
更新日期：2013-06-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Atherosclerosis is a pathological process that takes place in the major arteries and is the underlying cause of heart attacks, stroke and peripheral artery disease. The earliest detectable lesions, called fatty streaks, contain macrophage foam cells that are derived from recruited monocytes. More-advanced atherosclero...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1017/S1462399401003696
更新日期：2001-11-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are allergic immune disorders characterised by a predominance of T helper 2 (Th2) cells, the resulting elevation of allergen-specific IgE, and mast-cell- and basophil-associated inflammation. The cytokine environment at the site of the initial antigen stimulation determi...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399404008348
更新日期：2004-10-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Infants born with severe combined immune deficiencies are prone to life-threatening infections and, without treatment, do not survive beyond the first year of life. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a fully matched donor offers the possibility of cure. In the absence of a suitable matched donor, haploident...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399404007884
更新日期：2004-07-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Experimental and human studies have shown that proteinuria contributes to the progression of renal disease. Overexposure to filtered proteins promotes the expression and release of chemokines by tubular epithelial cells, thus leading to inflammatory cell recruitment and renal impairment. This review focuses on recent ...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/erm.2014.3
更新日期：2014-02-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical condition with no effective treatment. Tubular cells are key targets in AKI. Tubular cells and, specifically, proximal tubular cells are extremely rich in mitochondria and mitochondrial changes had long been known to be a feature of AKI. However, only recent advances in ...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/erm.2014.14
更新日期：2014-08-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Several genetic loci appear to be involved in susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Some loci are disease specific, whereas others appear to exert a general effect on the autoimmune disease process. Despite a large number of studies of many different diseases, consistent associations with multiple autoimmune disorders...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S1462399405009981
更新日期：2005-10-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Infantile haemangioma is the most common tumour of infancy, yet the origin of these lesions remains controversial and the predictable life cycle is poorly understood. Much new information on infantile haemangiomas has emerged over the past decade, but experts continue to debate fundamental features, including cell of ...
journal_title：Expert reviews in molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1017/S146239940700052X
更新日期：2007-11-29 00:00:00
