Abstract:
:Glutamate kills sensitive neurons through several steps downstream to receptor activation: increased free Ca2+ levels, activation of various enzymes and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have evaluated in a well established model of neuronal cultures the neuroprotective effects of blocking these mechanisms, either singularly or by combining multiple enzyme inhibition and/or ROS scavenging. In vitro cultures of cerebellar granule cells exposed to a toxic concentration of glutamate (100 microM for 15 min in the absence of Mg2+) combined with several pharmacological treatments. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were effective in decreasing cell death and the combined treatments showed some degree of additivity. By contrast, inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) with allopurinol was uneffective. Antioxidants (in particular vitamin e or vitamin E analogs). protected neurons up to more than 50%. A synergistic effect was demonstrated by the combination of vitamin E and C. On the other hand, antioxidants did not increase the protection granted by enzyme inhibitors, suggesting that they act downstream to NOS and PLA2. In conclusion, NOS and PLA2 activated by Ca2+ influx give rise to reactive oxygen species whose deleterious action can be counteracted either by inhibiting these enzymes or by scavenging the excess of free radicals produced by them. Finally, a moderate protection was obtained by blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide, suggesting a partial contribution of apoptotic mechanisms to the excitotoxic cell death.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Ciani E,Grøneng L,Voltattorni M,Rolseth V,Contestabile A,Paulsen REsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-07-22 00:00:00pages
1-6issue
1eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
0006-8993(96)00382-4journal_volume
728pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract:OBJECTIVE:Subarachnoid blood, resulting from traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage, has been linked with cell injury and stress gene induction. We investigated whether oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb), a major component in blood clots, exerts a cytotoxic effect on cultured astrocyte cells, and the pattern of cell deat...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02562-3
更新日期:2002-07-26 00:00:00
abstract::A normobar hypoxia (9% oxygen) of 8 h reduces the neurotoxicity of a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg kainic acid given one week later. Both seizures and degenerative changes, including cell death of hippocampal and cortical neurons are markedly decreased by hypoxia. It is also shown that hypoxia also markedly reduc...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91693-4
更新日期:1994-05-02 00:00:00
abstract::Cerebral cortical blood flow (CBF) was measured autoradiographically in conscious mice without the monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) gene (KO, n=11) and the corresponding wild-type animals (WILD, n=11). Subgroups of animals of each genotype received a continuous intravenous infusion over 30 min of phenylethylamine (PEA), an ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01167-1
更新日期:1999-04-03 00:00:00
abstract::Administration of methamphetamine (15 mg/kg) to adrenalectomized rats significantly decreased hippocampal type I and II corticosteroid receptors as well as type II receptors in the striatum. Type II receptors in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus were unaffected by methamphetamine administration. Pretreatment with MK...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91362-k
更新日期:1990-11-19 00:00:00
abstract::Mild NMDA receptor activation is correlated with neuroprotection in models of cerebral ischemia. Neuroprotection with NMDA manifests as a form of ischemic tolerance and involves the induction of cellular stress systems sensitive to disturbances in cellular calcium homeostasis. Unilateral micro-injection of 10, 160 and...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.014
更新日期:2009-01-09 00:00:00
abstract::The regulatory role of endothelins in cerebral microvessels was investigated in a recently developed model system which allows the study of small cerebral vessels in their normal microenvironment. Using brain slices of the rat neocortex, it was shown that the isopeptide endothelin-3 (ET-3) had no effect on cerebral mi...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(09)90024-5
更新日期:1994-09-26 00:00:00
abstract::Williams Syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopment disorder associated with a hemizygous deletion on chromosome 7. WS is characterized with mental retardation, severe visual-spatial deficits, relative language preservation, and excellent facial recognition. Distinctive auditory features include musical ability, heightened s...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.038
更新日期:2005-03-10 00:00:00
abstract::Kinins, such as bradykinin and Lys-bradykinin, are important mediators in peripheral inflammation. Although the existence of the components necessary for generating kinins has been demonstrated in the brain, a functional role of the kinin-generating system in cerebral inflammation remains to be defined. The aim of the...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02768-9
更新日期:2003-07-18 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have demonstrated that gonadectomy of adult male rats induces dendritic growth of neuroendocrine neurons in the arcuate nucleus. We have hypothesized that these changes are secondary to the loss of testosterone negative feedback. In the present study, we examined the effects of testosterone replacement ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03083-3
更新日期:2001-01-26 00:00:00
abstract::This study tested the hypothesis that the short-latency excitation of the phrenic motor output elicited by superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) stimulation requires non-NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the region of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) of the adult cat. Injection of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00355-t
更新日期:1995-06-05 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of embryonic hippocampal tissue to promote regeneration of cholinergic axons in the septohippocampal system has been studied in adult rats. Strips of embryonic hippocampus, taken from 7-40 mm rat fetuses, were implanted into a 2-3 mm wide cavity which completely transected the septal cholinergic axons inne...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90893-3
更新日期:1981-04-06 00:00:00
abstract::The distribution of agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) was mapped in the central nervous system (CNS) in the rat. Agmatine-like immunoreactivity was identified by light microscopy, exclusively in the cytoplasm of neuronal perikarya. Immunoreactive neurons were present in the cerebral cortex, predominantly within lamin...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01200-6
更新日期:1998-03-16 00:00:00
abstract::Dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone) is employed in the chemotherapy against leprosy. Dapsone also prevents neuronal damage induced by glutamate agonists. As glutamate excitotoxicity is implicated in the damage after ischemia, we tested the ability of dapsone to prevent ischemic injury in a model of permanent middle ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.040
更新日期:2004-03-05 00:00:00
abstract::We examined regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) and brain incorporation coefficients (k*) of each of three intravenously infused fatty acid radiotracers, [9,10-(3H)]palmitate ([3H]PAM), [1-(14C)]arachidonate ([14C]AA) and [1-(14C)]docosahe-xaenoate ([14C]DHA), in awake rats fully kindled by once-da...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)00854-2
更新日期:1996-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::The involvement of bulbospinal pathways in the antinociceptive effect of clomipramine in experimental pain was studied. The antinociceptive effect of the antidepressant (0.5 mg/kg), intravenously injected, was evaluated after a unilateral lesion of the dorsolateral funiculus. The results showed that this effect was su...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00826-c
更新日期:1995-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::Double immunocytochemistry using peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold was performed to determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive neurons receive synaptic inputs from catecholaminergic axon terminals in the rat neostriatum. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons were found to be in synaptic conta...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90484-2
更新日期:1988-08-23 00:00:00
abstract::Neovascularization within syngeneic rat fetal neocortical grafts transplanted into a previously prepared cavity in the cerebral cortex was studied 1 to 3 months after transplantation, utilizing scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The grafts were easily identified and the outer surface of the graf...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00304-9
更新日期:1995-05-29 00:00:00
abstract::The anatomical structure of the basal ganglia indicates that the input from the cerebral cortex is funnelled through the striatum to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. This structure implies integration of the information as it is transferred through the basal ganglia. In order to investigate this integration, ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90363-4
更新日期:1985-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::The central nervous system (CNS) in adult mammals loses the ability to regenerate after injury. Although electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to promote neural regeneration, the underlying mechanisms by which ES enhances CNS regeneration remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.041
更新日期:2012-10-22 00:00:00
abstract::The expression of adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms in the adult rat vestibular periphery was investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AC II, IV and V mRNAs were expressed in both Scarpa's ganglion and vestibular end organs. In addition, in the vestibular end organs, an AC mRNA not pre...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02007-2
更新日期:2000-03-24 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Alzheimer's disease has on the functional integrity of several signal transduction proteins. The relative levels of the G-protein alpha subunits Gs alpha-L, Gs alpha-S, Gi alpha-2 and G(o) alpha were measured by western blotting and found to be unchanged in membranes p...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90798-r
更新日期:1993-09-17 00:00:00
abstract::The distinction between neural mechanisms of explicit and implicit expressions of memory has been well studied at the retrieval stage, but less at encoding. In addition, dissociations obtained in many studies are complicated by methodological difficulties in obtaining process-pure measures of different types of memory...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.024
更新日期:2014-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Previous work, using membrane receptor binding techniques, demonstrated an increase in hippocampal MK-801 binding sites in mice after chronic ethanol ingestion. The current studies, using quantitative autoradiography, demonstrate that chronic ethanol ingestion also produces increases in MK-801 binding in cerebral cort...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-04-26 00:00:00
abstract::Experiments were conducted to (1) provide further evidence of the selectivity of [D-Ala2,Leu5,Cys6]enkephalin (DALCE) as an antagonist of delta (delta) receptor ligands and (2) use DALCE as a tool to explore the possible role of delta receptors in restraint stress. Dose- and time-response curves were generated for the...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90545-m
更新日期:1990-02-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:It is unclear whether spinal cord stimulation (SCS) at higher frequencies induces further increases in vasodilation and enhances clinical efficacy. OBJECTIVES:This study investigated effects of SCS at both a normal frequency (as used clinically) and two higher frequencies on peripheral vasodilation. METHOD...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.072
更新日期:2010-02-08 00:00:00
abstract::Somatosensory information has been thought to ascend from the spinal cord to limbic areas of the telencephalon through indirect, multisynaptic pathways. We now report that injections of Fluoro-gold into either the nucleus accumbens or the septal nuclei labeled hundreds of neurons in the spinal cord. These and our rece...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90981-5
更新日期:1989-09-11 00:00:00
abstract::The present study has examined the involvement of sensory neurotransmitters in activating neurones in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis following stimulation of the trigeminovascular system in anaesthetised guinea-pigs. Electrical stimulation of the right trigeminal ganglion produced a unilateral expression of Fos-like ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00930-x
更新日期:1997-11-14 00:00:00
abstract::The biosynthetic activity of extra-hypothalamic vasopressin (VP) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is regulated by gonadal steroids. These neurons have also been implicated in a number of behaviors that are impaired in aging. We previously reported that VP mRNA labelling in the BNST is decrease...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(10)80030-7
更新日期:1992-06-26 00:00:00
abstract::Primary cultures of the 21 day foetal rat brain contain a cohort of astroblasts that concertedly acquire glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) filaments between the 16th and 18th hour after plating. This burst of cytoskeletal differentiation is not observed in cultures initiated from the 18 day foetal brain and is no...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90637-7
更新日期:1985-07-22 00:00:00
abstract::Double-pulse stimulation of the perforant path input to the dentate gyrus was used in the following experiments to produce paired pulse depression in that site. This effect provided an estimate of GABA-mediated recurrent inhibition. The depression was enhanced by drugs that facilitate or mimic GABA action and attenuat...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90909-5
更新日期:1983-10-24 00:00:00