Abstract：
:In humans, blood is commonly monitored to provide surrogates of disease progression and assess immune status. However, the varied, rapid and atypical alterations in lymphocyte subsets which may occur in blood in response to pathogens, are not predictive of changes in the bulk of the immune system. A hallmark of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections is the profound loss of blood CD4(+) lymphocytes, a feature widely accepted as being a consequence of direct or indirect viral killing of CD4(+) cells throughout the body. However, in recording declining CD4 counts and CD4/8 ratios in the blood, little attention has been paid to migratory behaviour or the composition and tissue distribution of various lymphocyte subsets. This article compares the lymphocyte subsets in blood and various tissues in normal and virus-infected individuals prior to and following drug treatment and indicates an absence of selective CD4(+) cell decreases or increases, highlighting the importance of lymphocyte trafficking and compartmentalization in regulating blood T cell levels and suggesting a reevaluation of the currently favoured paradigm.
journal_name
Semin Immunoljournal_title
Seminars in immunologyauthors
Rosenberg YJ,Janossy Gdoi
10.1006/smim.1999.0169keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-04-01 00:00:00pages
139-54issue
2eissn
1044-5323issn
1096-3618pii
S1044-5323(99)90169-0journal_volume
11pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The frontiers of cancer immunotherapy are extending in terms of both the range of cancer types that can potentially be targeted and the types of therapeutics that are in clinical development. The use of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) and its derivative, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, is currently limited to...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2015.11.003
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of the mucosal immune system to distinguish between harmful and harmless antigens is essential for mounting protective immune responses and preventing the induction of mucosal pathology yet the basis for this remains unclear. As fed antigen can also exert systemic effects understanding oral tolerance and p...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.2001.0310
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is now well established that the progression of T cell development requires interactions between the surfaces of thymocytes and thymic stromal cells. For example, the maturation of CD4+8+ cells into functional CD4+ or CD8+ cells requires TCR/MHC interactions, which, depending on the specificity of the particular TC...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1994.1028
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian alimentary tract harbors hundreds of bacterial species that constitute the indigenous microbial flora. The indigenous microbial flora has long been appreciated for its role in host immune system development. Recent reports suggest that components of the microbial flora differentially affect the proportio...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.010
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A growing amount of evidences indicates that inflammaging - the chronic, low grade inflammation state characteristic of the elderly - is the result of genetic as well as environmental or stochastic factors. Some of these, such as the accumulation of senescent cells that are persistent during aging or accompany its pro...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.009
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD4+ helper T cells recognize short peptides stably associated with class II MHC molecules displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Very little is known about the sequence of events that lead to the generation of these peptides from protein antigens. It is likely that native proteins must partially unfold...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1995.0039
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune receptors are coupled to the activation of phosphatidylcholine phospholipase D (PC-PLD) that hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline. As these receptors are also coupled to other signalling cascades, it has been difficult to define the precise cell activation events resulting fr...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.2001.0341
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations have been shown to neutralize HIV-1 infection in vitro. Upon direct testing in humans, however, many of these have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Hu-PBL-SCID mice offer a model system in which to test the pre-clinical efficacy of antibody preparations....
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1996.0033
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cellular activation is mainly defined as the response of a cell to exogenous signals eventually leading to changes in protein expression and cellular function. Originally, macrophage activation was mainly associated with phagocytic function. Later other effector functions such as cytokine secretion, upregulation of ce...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.009
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent evidence indicates that memory B cells may originate from a precursor cell subset that is distinct from AFC precursors. Most convincing is the finding that fractionation of naive peripheral B-cell populations on the basis of surface heat stable antigen (HSA) expression yields two populations; one greatly enrich...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1997.0075
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The complement system covalently attaches C3d to microbial antigens which binds to CR2 on B lymphocytes, leading to a markedly enhanced adaptive immune response to that antigen. The enhancement is mediated by the cross-linking of the CR2-CD19 complex to mIg which augments the activation of several intracellular signal...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1998.0137
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neoantigens are antigens encoded by tumor-specific mutated genes. Studies in the past few years have suggested a key role for neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Here we review the discoveries of neoantigens in the past two decades and the current advances in neoantigen identification. We also discuss the potential b...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2015.11.002
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apoptosis of activated lymphocytes is critical to immune homeostasis. The cell surface receptor Fas is an important mediator of lymphocyte apoptosis; defective Fas expression causes accumulation of lymphocytes and autoimmune disease in mice. Apoptosis defects due to mutations of Fas have also been found in a rare huma...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/smim.1996.0056
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, there have been a number of reports that gamma delta T cells are stimulated by heat shock, or stress, proteins. Although some alpha beta T cells are capable of recognizing heat shock proteins, we speculate that most or a group of gamma delta cells generally recognize this type of antigen. Recognition of heat...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review focuses on recessive mutations at three loci whose gene products play critical roles in the development and regulation of the murine immune system. These mutations are: severe combined immunodeficiency (scid), osteopetrosis (op), and motheaten (me). The scid mutation blocks differentiation of functional T ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neutrophils have traditionally been thought to play only a peripheral role in the genesis of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, recent studies in a variety of animal models suggest that these cells are central to the initiation and propagation of autoimmunity. The use of mouse models, which allow eith...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.04.001
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies on oral immunotherapy (OIT) have been increasing worldwide. Nevertheless, some concerns exist with this treatment. The rate of long-term sustained unresponsiveness is quite low; moreover, the desensitization or sustained unresponsiveness does not equate to tolerance. Furthermore, adverse reactions are frequent...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.008
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vertebrate innate immune system consists of inflammatory cells and soluble mediators that comprise the first line of defense against microbial infection and, importantly, trigger antigen-specific T and B cell responses that lead to lasting immunity. The molecular mechanisms responsible for microbial non-self recog...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.006
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antigen may be targeted to antigen presenting cells (APC) by conjugating the antigen to monoclonal antibodies directed against surface molecules on APC. By now several laboratories have shown that immunotargeting enhances humoral responses, depending upon the targeted ligand or cell type, with low doses of antigen and...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Humans are continuously exposed to a high number of diverse pathogens that induce different types of immune responses. Primary pathogen-specific immune responses generate multiple subsets of memory T cells, which provide protection against secondary infections. In recent years, several novel T cell subsets have been i...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.012
更新日期：2013-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In a panel of wild mice trapped in different geographical regions, the concomitant expression of V beta 17 T cell receptors and I-E histocompatibility molecules is frequent. By Southern blot analysis, eight forms of V beta 17 genes have been distinguished that encode five kinds of V beta 17 domains. Populations of Asi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viral and microbial pathogens contain specific motifs or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by cell surface- and endosome-associated Toll-like receptors (TLRs). RNA virus infection is also detected through TLR-independent mechanisms. Early viral replicative intermediates are detected by...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.001
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recombination activating genes 1 and 2 (Rag1 and Rag2) encode the key enzyme that is required for the generation of the highly diversified antigen receptor repertoire central to adaptive immunity. The longstanding model proposed that this gene pair was acquired by horizontal gene transfer to explain its abrupt app...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.11.004
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The BLyS family of receptors includes two cytokines, BLyS and APRIL; and three receptors, BR3, BCMA and TACI. Together, these regulate the size and composition of peripheral B cell pools. The multiplicity of ligand-receptor sets, in conjunction with differential receptor expression, alternative binding partners and di...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.001
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A humoral immune response in the form of autoantibodies to tumor antigens occurs early during tumor development. Identification of antigens that induce an autoantibody response restricted to a cancer type has the potential to yield markers useful for early detection. A multitude of strategies are currently available f...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2020.101388
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:From the earliest days in the field of tumor immunology three questions have been asked: do cancer cells express tumor-specific antigens, does the immune system recognize these antigens and if so, what is their biochemical nature? We now know that truly tumor-specific antigens exist, that they are caused by somatic mu...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2008.07.001
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccinations are powerful tools for combating infections. Because of the age-related impairment in immune functions, the currently available vaccines are protecting only a small proportion of the elderly population. We, here, provide an overview of age-related changes in innate and adaptive immunity with particular em...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2005.05.005
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Initially discovered as an initiator protease in apoptosis mediated by death receptors, caspase-8 is now known to have an apparently confounding opposing effect in securing cell survival. It is required to allow mouse embryo survival, and the survival of hematopoietic cells during their development and activation. Cla...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2014.03.005
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CR1 (C3b receptor) and CR2 (C3d/EBV receptor) are two C3 receptors expressed on B lymphocytes. CR1 and CR2 have structural similarities and their cross-linking at the B cell surface by antibodies or specific ligands in multimeric forms induce B cell activation. However, activation of human B cells through cell surface...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ectodysplasin (Eda) is the most studied tumor necrosis ligand in the field of developmental biology. In all vertebrates studied so far, inactivating germline mutations in Eda lead to the genetic disease called hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). In humans, HED is a life-threatening condition in particular in infa...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.002
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
