Abstract：
:It is now well established that the progression of T cell development requires interactions between the surfaces of thymocytes and thymic stromal cells. For example, the maturation of CD4+8+ cells into functional CD4+ or CD8+ cells requires TCR/MHC interactions, which, depending on the specificity of the particular TCR, direct the thymocyte to the appropriate lineage. Beyond this, little is known about the molecular mechanism of this lineage choice. Here we describe our recent studies of CD4/CD8 lineage commitment using TCR transgenic mice expressing a well-defined MHC class II specific TCR. While the results of these experiments are inconsistent with a model in which CD4 versus CD8 lineage is determined by an initial TCR/MHC/co-receptor interaction, they also do not support a simple stochastic model of lineage commitment. Instead, we suggest that the CD4 and CD8 lineage may not represent equivalent pathways of T cell maturation. Additionally, we draw several parallels between stochastic models in positive selection and in hematopoiesis.
journal_name
Semin Immunoljournal_title
Seminars in immunologyauthors
Spain LM,Yelon D,Berg LJdoi
10.1006/smim.1994.1028subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-08-01 00:00:00pages
213-20issue
4eissn
1044-5323issn
1096-3618pii
S1044-5323(84)71028-1journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:After decades of slow progress, the last years have seen a rapid acceleration of the development of adjuvanted vaccines which have lately been approved for human use. These adjuvants consist of different components, e.g. aluminium salts, emulsions such as MF59 and AS03, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (CpG ormonopho...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2018.05.001
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Helper T cell activation leads to transient expression of a ligand for the B cell surface protein, CD40. CD40 ligand can deliver helper T cell-derived contact signals to B lymphocytes that drive B cell activation and proliferation. Regulation of expression of CD40 ligand is analogous to that of other helper T cell-der...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1994.1037
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cellular activation is mainly defined as the response of a cell to exogenous signals eventually leading to changes in protein expression and cellular function. Originally, macrophage activation was mainly associated with phagocytic function. Later other effector functions such as cytokine secretion, upregulation of ce...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.009
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TCR gamma delta + T cells represent a minority of CD3+ T cells in many species including man. The molecular structure of the TCR gamma and delta loci in man is well understood. The gamma and delta loci contain V, D, J and C gene segments. These segments do not rearrange randomly but in a coordinated, ordered fashion d...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heavy chain class-switching is the process by which B lymphoid cells change the constant region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain they produce. Class-switching is most commonly accomplished by recombinationldeletion between switch recombination regions that lie upstream of each germline heavy chain constant region gen...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanisms by which alphabeta T-cells are selected in the thymus and then recognize peptide MHC (pMHC) complexes in the periphery remain an enigma. Recent work particularly with respect to quantification of T-cell sensitivity and the role of self-ligands in T-cell activation has provided some important clues to th...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2007.04.003
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The type I membrane protein receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) distinctively exhibits significant alternative splicing that allows for tunable functions upon homophilic binding. CEACAM1 is highly expressed in the tumor environment and is strictly regulated on lymphocytes such ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2019.101296
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T helper 17 (Th17) cells have been reported to be responsible for several chronic inflammatory diseases. However, a peculiar feature of human Th17 cells is that they are very rare in the inflammatory sites in comparison with Th1 cells. The first reason for this rarity is the existence of some self-regulatory mechanism...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.011
更新日期：2013-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Interaction of CD40 on B cells with its ligand on activated T helper cells is crucial for the generation of mature T-dependent antibody responses. Experimental observations suggest that CD40 ligation acts at several points in B cell differentiation; however, it is not clear whether the consequences of ligation are dir...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1994.1039
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a growth and differentiation factor critical for clonal T cell expansion and function. Produced exclusively in T cells, IL-2 transcription and synthesis occurs only after appropriate cellular activation via the clonotypic antigen-receptor and co-stimulatory molecules. IL-2 gene expression is in...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1999.0192
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As T cells respond to pathogens, they must transition from a quiescent, naïve state, to a rapidly proliferating, active effector state, and back again to a quiescent state as they develop into memory cells. Such transitions place unique metabolic demands on the differentiating cells. T cells meet these demands by alte...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2012.12.006
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the overwhelming success of immunization in reducing, and even eliminating, the global threats posed by a wide spectrum of infectious diseases, attempts to do the same for tuberculosis (TB) have failed to date. While most effective vaccines act by eliciting neutralizing antibodies, T cells are the primary medi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.003
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review we discuss the changes that occur in the B lymphocyte compartment of mice and humans as they progress to old age, focusing on recent advances in this important area of research. Primary areas considered include increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly following infection, and decreased responsiv...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.004
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:B cells require signals from multiple sources for their development from precursor cells, and differentiation into effector cells. BAFF has been identified as a critical regulator of B cell development and differentiation. Defects in the production of BAFF and/or expression of its receptors have been associated with a...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.004
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent technological advances have provided deeper insights into the role of small molecules in biological processes. Metabolic profiling has thus entered the arena of -omics studies and rapidly proven its value both as stand-alone and as complement to other more advanced approaches, notably transcriptomics. Here we d...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2018.07.002
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The adaptive immune system, which utilizes RAG-mediated recombination to diversify immune receptors, arose in ancestors of the jawed vertebrates approximately 500 million years ago. Homologs of immunoglobulins (Igs), T cell antigen receptors (TCRs), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II, and the recombinatio...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2004.08.001
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The signalling mechanisms of the IL-2R remained an enigma until recent years. We now know that IL-2R are coupled to their own unique signalling pathways that complement rather than duplicate TCR signalling. The IL-2R beta- and gamma-chains are essential for signal coupling. Sequence comparisons indicate that portions ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1993.1040
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autoimmune diseases have been studied from the perspective of an abnormal immune response in genetically vulnerable hosts. Although the immune response is responsible for the initiation of autoimmune diseases, the effectors of the disease process likely involves cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophage presence and phenotype are critical determinants of the healing response following injury. Downregulation of the pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype has been associated with the therapeutic use of bioscaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), but phenotypic characterization of macrophages has typic...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.04.004
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunological memory provides the basis for successful vaccines. It is important to understand the properties of memory cells. There is much known about the phenotype and functions of memory CD8 T cells, less about memory B cells, while CD4 memory T cells have proved difficult to study. Differences in the types of mem...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.02.006
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized sensors of viral nucleic acids that initiate protective immunity through the production of type I interferons (IFNs). Normally, pDCs fail to sense host-derived self-nucleic acids but do so when self-nucleic acids form complexes with endogenous antimicrobial peptides ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.01.004
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antigen may be targeted to antigen presenting cells (APC) by conjugating the antigen to monoclonal antibodies directed against surface molecules on APC. By now several laboratories have shown that immunotargeting enhances humoral responses, depending upon the targeted ligand or cell type, with low doses of antigen and...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apoptosis of activated lymphocytes is critical to immune homeostasis. The cell surface receptor Fas is an important mediator of lymphocyte apoptosis; defective Fas expression causes accumulation of lymphocytes and autoimmune disease in mice. Apoptosis defects due to mutations of Fas have also been found in a rare huma...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/smim.1996.0056
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophages are important for tissue development, homeostasis as well as immune response upon injury or infection. For a long time they were only seen as one uniform group of phagocytes with a common origin and similar functions. However, this view has been challenged in the last decade and revealed a complex diversit...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.017
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been classified as a cellular component of the innate immune system, given their ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells without prior exposure. More recently, NK cells have been shown to possess features of adaptive immunity suc...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.012
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interferon epsilon (IFNε) is a type I IFN with unusual patterns of expression and therefore, function. It is constitutively expressed by reproductive tract epithelium and regulated by hormones during estrus cycle, reproduction, and menopause and by exogenous hormones. The IFNe protein is encoded by a gene in the type ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2019.101328
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The identification of the common lymphoid progenitors in mouse bone marrow allows us to directly assess the regulatory mechanisms of lymphoid lineage commitment. The unexpected finding of a latent myeloid differentiation potential in lymphoid progenitors sheds light on the importance of cytokine receptor expression at...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1044532302000726
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The LTB4 pathway is an attractive target for therapeutic drug development. Two broad classes of drugs have been pursued: antagonists of the primary LTB4 receptors (BLT1 and BLT2) and inhibitors of LTA4 Hydrolase (LTA4H), the rate limiting enzyme in the production of LTB4. An initial wave of effort culminated in the 19...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.007
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:B cell tolerance is described as the absence of a measurable antibody forming response to an antigenic challenge. The establishment of antigen-specific tolerance requires, by definition, engagement of the B cell antigen-specific receptor. However, only in some circumstances does this engagement lead to tolerance, whil...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations have been shown to neutralize HIV-1 infection in vitro. Upon direct testing in humans, however, many of these have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Hu-PBL-SCID mice offer a model system in which to test the pre-clinical efficacy of antibody preparations....
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1996.0033
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
