Abstract：
:CD4+ helper T cells recognize short peptides stably associated with class II MHC molecules displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Very little is known about the sequence of events that lead to the generation of these peptides from protein antigens. It is likely that native proteins must partially unfold before they are cleaved by endopeptidases or bind to MHC proteins. For many antigens, the rate-limiting step in unfolding may involve reduction of disulfide bonds. Evidence that disulfide reduction occurs in endocytic compartments is reviewed and potential mechanisms for the reduction of antigen disulfide bonds are proposed.
journal_name
Semin Immunoljournal_title
Seminars in immunologyauthors
Jensen PEdoi
10.1006/smim.1995.0039subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-12-01 00:00:00pages
347-53issue
6eissn
1044-5323issn
1096-3618pii
S1044-5323(85)70039-5journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The discovery of GPI-anchored membrane proteins presented a conundrum for membrane biologists. What could the special purpose be for this type of membrane anchor and why couldn't a transmembrane anchor do the same job? Recent information from several different sources is beginning to provide answers to these questions...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1994.1013
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review we discuss the changes that occur in the B lymphocyte compartment of mice and humans as they progress to old age, focusing on recent advances in this important area of research. Primary areas considered include increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly following infection, and decreased responsiv...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.004
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viral infections often result in long-term immunological memory. This article reviews the phenotypic changes seen in memory T cells and suggests a re-evaluation of the current dogma that T cell memory is maintained by persistence of antigen. ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a panel of wild mice trapped in different geographical regions, the concomitant expression of V beta 17 T cell receptors and I-E histocompatibility molecules is frequent. By Southern blot analysis, eight forms of V beta 17 genes have been distinguished that encode five kinds of V beta 17 domains. Populations of Asi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since its first description by Wells and Osbourne in 1911, oral tolerance has intrigued researchers due to its potential for therapeutic applications. Oral tolerance can be defined as an inhibition of specific immune responsiveness to subsequent parenteral injections of proteins to which an individual or animal has be...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.004
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:No abstractCopyright 1997 Academic Press Limited Copyright 1997Academic Press Limited ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/smim.1997.0089
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The OX-40 receptor (OX-40R) is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of activated CD4(+) T cells. When engaged by an agonist such as anti-OX-40 antibody or the OX-40 ligand (OX-40L) during antigen presentation to T cell lines, the OX-40R generates a costimulatory signal that is as potent as CD28 costimulation. ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1998.0146
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations have been shown to neutralize HIV-1 infection in vitro. Upon direct testing in humans, however, many of these have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Hu-PBL-SCID mice offer a model system in which to test the pre-clinical efficacy of antibody preparations....
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1996.0033
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mucosal surfaces of the lungs are a major portal of entry for virus infections and there are urgent needs for new vaccines that promote effective pulmonary immunity. However, we have only a rudimentary understanding of the requirements for effective cellular immunity in the respiratory tract. Recent studies have r...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2004.02.003
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most cells in the body have a constant supply of nutrients, which are required to sustain cellular metabolism and functions. In contrast, cells of the immune system can encounter conditions with a limited nutrient supply during the course of an immune response. Cells of the immune system frequently operate in complex ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.001
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:From the earliest days in the field of tumor immunology three questions have been asked: do cancer cells express tumor-specific antigens, does the immune system recognize these antigens and if so, what is their biochemical nature? We now know that truly tumor-specific antigens exist, that they are caused by somatic mu...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2008.07.001
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A growing amount of evidences indicates that inflammaging - the chronic, low grade inflammation state characteristic of the elderly - is the result of genetic as well as environmental or stochastic factors. Some of these, such as the accumulation of senescent cells that are persistent during aging or accompany its pro...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.009
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules display peptides to the T cell receptor (TCR). The ability of the TCR to discriminate foreign from self-peptides presented by MHC molecules is a requirement of an effective adaptive immune response. Dysregulation of this molecular recognition event often leads ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2007.04.006
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autoimmune diseases have been studied from the perspective of an abnormal immune response in genetically vulnerable hosts. Although the immune response is responsible for the initiation of autoimmune diseases, the effectors of the disease process likely involves cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacterial toxin superantigens bind to MHC class II molecules and activate a large proportion of T cells through a direct interaction with the T cell receptor (TCR). The toxin: TCR interaction involves specific recognition between the beta-chain variable region and the toxin. Although a complete alpha beta T cell recep...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1993.1003
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that evolved to detect microbial infection. These receptors recognize conserved molecular products derived from different classes of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Following recognitio...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2003.10.006
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Periodontitis is a dysbiotic inflammatory disease leading to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. Current therapies are not always effective and this prevalent oral disease continues to be a significant health and economic burden. Early clinical studies have associated periodontitis with elevated complemen...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.006
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This issue of Seminars in Immunology on The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Family of Ligands and Receptors updates the rapidly expanding importance of this family. There are individual chapters on IL-1α, IL-1β, processing and secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36 and IL-37. In addition, a chapter of IL-1 decoy receptors, IL-1...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.001
更新日期：2013-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity is now recognised as a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease contributing to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple mechanisms leading to the low grade inflammation in this setting have been suggested. Due to the complexity and interconnection of inflammatory and...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.001
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The MHC class I antigen presentation pathway enables cells infected with intracellular pathogens to signal the presence of the invader to the immune system. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are able to eliminate the infected cells through recognition of pathogen-derived peptides presented by MHC class I molecules at the cell s...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.010
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many immune cells can detect the direction and intensity of an extracellular chemical gradient, and migrate toward the source of stimulus. This process, called chemotaxis, is essential for immune system function and homeostasis, and its deregulation is associated with serious diseases. Chemotaxis is initiated by chemo...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2004.09.005
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a growth and differentiation factor critical for clonal T cell expansion and function. Produced exclusively in T cells, IL-2 transcription and synthesis occurs only after appropriate cellular activation via the clonotypic antigen-receptor and co-stimulatory molecules. IL-2 gene expression is in...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1999.0192
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advancing age is accompanied by profound changes in immune function; some are induced by the loss of critical niches that support development of naïve cells (e.g. thymic involution), others by the intrinsic physiology of long-lived cells attempting to maintain homeostasis, still others by extrinsic effects such as oxi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.007
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The tyrosine activating motif (TAM) is a conserved signaling motif present in many hematopoietic receptors. Although the exact definition and the function of these motifs is not known, it is likely that these motifs bind and activate protein tyrosine kinases. Here we summarize the data regarding tyrosine kinase intera...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/1044-5323(95)90003-9
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:B cells require signals from multiple sources for their development from precursor cells, and differentiation into effector cells. BAFF has been identified as a critical regulator of B cell development and differentiation. Defects in the production of BAFF and/or expression of its receptors have been associated with a...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.004
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent evidence indicates that memory B cells may originate from a precursor cell subset that is distinct from AFC precursors. Most convincing is the finding that fractionation of naive peripheral B-cell populations on the basis of surface heat stable antigen (HSA) expression yields two populations; one greatly enrich...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1997.0075
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ectodysplasin (Eda) is the most studied tumor necrosis ligand in the field of developmental biology. In all vertebrates studied so far, inactivating germline mutations in Eda lead to the genetic disease called hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). In humans, HED is a life-threatening condition in particular in infa...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.002
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heavy chain class-switching is the process by which B lymphoid cells change the constant region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain they produce. Class-switching is most commonly accomplished by recombinationldeletion between switch recombination regions that lie upstream of each germline heavy chain constant region gen...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergen tolerance in humans have been intensively studied in the past few decades. The demonstration of epitope-specific T cell tolerance, particularly mediated by the immune suppressor functions of IL-10 led to a major conceptual change in this area more than 20 years ago. Cu...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2019.101326
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, there have been a number of reports that gamma delta T cells are stimulated by heat shock, or stress, proteins. Although some alpha beta T cells are capable of recognizing heat shock proteins, we speculate that most or a group of gamma delta cells generally recognize this type of antigen. Recognition of heat...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
