Introduction: homeostasis in the immune system

abstract：:The mucosal surfaces of the lungs are a major portal of entry for virus infections and there are urgent needs for new vaccines that promote effective pulmonary immunity. However, we have only a rudimentary understanding of the requirements for effective cellular immunity in the respiratory tract. Recent studies have r...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Woodland DL,Randall TD

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations have been shown to neutralize HIV-1 infection in vitro. Upon direct testing in humans, however, many of these have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Hu-PBL-SCID mice offer a model system in which to test the pre-clinical efficacy of antibody preparations....

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Koup RA,Safrit JT,Weir R,Gauduin MC

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antigen may be targeted to antigen presenting cells (APC) by conjugating the antigen to monoclonal antibodies directed against surface molecules on APC. By now several laboratories have shown that immunotargeting enhances humoral responses, depending upon the targeted ligand or cell type, with low doses of antigen and...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Fossum S,Berg SF,Mjaaland S

更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:V(D)J recombination consists of a DNA cleavage reaction catalysed by RAG1 and RAG2, followed by an end-joining reaction that utilizes the cell's double-strand break repair machinery. Genes essential for the end-joining reaction include: XRCC4 encoding a protein of unknown enzymatic function; XRCC5 and XRCC6 encoding 8...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Smider V,Chu G

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent evidence indicates that memory B cells may originate from a precursor cell subset that is distinct from AFC precursors. Most convincing is the finding that fractionation of naive peripheral B-cell populations on the basis of surface heat stable antigen (HSA) expression yields two populations; one greatly enrich...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Klinman NR

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vaccinations are powerful tools for combating infections. Because of the age-related impairment in immune functions, the currently available vaccines are protecting only a small proportion of the elderly population. We, here, provide an overview of age-related changes in innate and adaptive immunity with particular em...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Frasca D,Riley RL,Blomberg BB

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several studies have demonstrated how different cell types of mesenchymal and myeloid origin can independently exhibit immunoregulatory activities. In response to inflammatory cues, they transcribe a molecular repertoire that restores the tissue microenvironment to what it was before the injury. There is accumulating ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Cheung TS,Dazzi F

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The germinal center is a critical locus in the production of protective immunity, but its function is poorly understood. Studies of mutant forms of CD19 revealed differences in signaling in different compartments inside the germinal center, and structural findings indicate a selective role in the interaction with foll...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Carter RH,Myers R

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal without a costimulatory signal, are tolerized in vitro, the investigation of T cell costimulation has attracted intense interest. Earl...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Pilat N,Sayegh MH,Wekerle T

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In humans, blood is commonly monitored to provide surrogates of disease progression and assess immune status. However, the varied, rapid and atypical alterations in lymphocyte subsets which may occur in blood in response to pathogens, are not predictive of changes in the bulk of the immune system. A hallmark of human ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Rosenberg YJ,Janossy G

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the past decade accumulating evidence supported the view that the immune system should be regarded as trust consisting of several branches. In this review, we will first introduce the architectural features comprising the intestinal immune system emphasising its plasticity and subsequently discuss the concepts desc...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Förster R,Pabst O,Bernhardt G

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Department of lymphocytes from hematopoietic stem cells is controlled, in part, by the activity of transcriptional regulatory proteins. In particular, one class of helix-loop-helix proteins, termed E-proteins, have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression during B-cell development. Recent analysis of gene-...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Bain G,Murre C

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heavy chain class-switching is the process by which B lymphoid cells change the constant region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain they produce. Class-switching is most commonly accomplished by recombinationldeletion between switch recombination regions that lie upstream of each germline heavy chain constant region gen...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Rothman P,Li SC,Alt FW

更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The signalling mechanisms of the IL-2R remained an enigma until recent years. We now know that IL-2R are coupled to their own unique signalling pathways that complement rather than duplicate TCR signalling. The IL-2R beta- and gamma-chains are essential for signal coupling. Sequence comparisons indicate that portions ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Williamson P,Merida I,Gaulton G

更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review we discuss the changes that occur in the B lymphocyte compartment of mice and humans as they progress to old age, focusing on recent advances in this important area of research. Primary areas considered include increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly following infection, and decreased responsiv...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Kogut I,Scholz JL,Cancro MP,Cambier JC

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viral infections often result in long-term immunological memory. This article reviews the phenotypic changes seen in memory T cells and suggests a re-evaluation of the current dogma that T cell memory is maintained by persistence of antigen. ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Ahmed R

更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many immune cells can detect the direction and intensity of an extracellular chemical gradient, and migrate toward the source of stimulus. This process, called chemotaxis, is essential for immune system function and homeostasis, and its deregulation is associated with serious diseases. Chemotaxis is initiated by chemo...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Mañes S,Gómez-Moutón C,Lacalle RA,Jiménez-Baranda S,Mira E,Martínez-A C

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibody production is crucial for a successful vaccine response. Beyond the ability of vitamin A (VA) and its active metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to restore growth in VA-deficient animals, supplementation with VA and/or treatment with RA can augment antibody responses in both VA-deficient and VA-adequate ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Ross AC,Chen Q,Ma Y

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In seeking an explanation for the complexity of tissue development, biologists are obliged to explain lineage commitment, the events that dictate whether or not a progenitor cell will differentiate into one cell type or another. Such explanations have been sought across a broad spectrum of biological systems, although...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Hayday AC,Barber DF,Douglas N,Hoffman ES

更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autoantigens that contain DNA, RNA, or self-IgG are preferred targets for autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B cells promote SLE pathogenesis by producing autoantibodies, activating autoreactive T cells, and secreting cytokines. We discuss how certain autoreactive B cells are selectively activated, ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Christensen SR,Shlomchik MJ

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pursuit of clinical transplant tolerance has led to enhanced understanding of mechanisms underlying immune regulation, including the characterization of immune regulatory cells, in particular antigen-presenting cells (APC) and regulatory T cells (Treg), that may play key roles in promoting operational tolerance. D...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Ezzelarab M,Thomson AW

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergen tolerance in humans have been intensively studied in the past few decades. The demonstration of epitope-specific T cell tolerance, particularly mediated by the immune suppressor functions of IL-10 led to a major conceptual change in this area more than 20 years ago. Cu...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Boonpiyathad T,Satitsuksanoa P,Akdis M,Akdis CA

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:B cells require signals from multiple sources for their development from precursor cells, and differentiation into effector cells. BAFF has been identified as a critical regulator of B cell development and differentiation. Defects in the production of BAFF and/or expression of its receptors have been associated with a...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Tangye SG,Bryant VL,Cuss AK,Good KL

更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens have profound effects on the murine immune system and have been very important for our current understanding of immune tolerance. It has recently been discovered that these Mls antigens are encoded in an open reading frame located in the 3' long terminal repeat of endogenous...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Acha-Orbea H,Waanders GA,Shakhov AN,Held W

更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As a component of all living cells and microbes, it is not surprising that organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect foreign or aberrant DNA and trigger an innate immune response. TLR9 is an endosomal membrane bound receptor that is widely studied and the best understood DNA sensor. However, the existence of TLR9-in...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Vilaysane A,Muruve DA

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The acute retroviral syndrome associated with primary HIV-1 infection is characterized by clinical signs of immune activation, multi-system dysfunction, and high levels of cell-associated and plasma viremia, p24 antigenemia, and proviral burden. Clinical abnormalities associated with acute HIV-1 infection and measures...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Clark SJ,Shaw GM

更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T helper 17 (Th17) cells have been reported to be responsible for several chronic inflammatory diseases. However, a peculiar feature of human Th17 cells is that they are very rare in the inflammatory sites in comparison with Th1 cells. The first reason for this rarity is the existence of some self-regulatory mechanism...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Annunziato F,Santarlasci V,Maggi L,Cosmi L,Liotta F,Romagnani S

更新日期：2013-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) play a critical role in maintaining immunological homeostasis. Treg cells are highly abundant in the mouse intestinal lamina propria, particularly in the colon. Recent studies using germ-free and gnotobiotic mice have revealed t...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Tanoue T,Honda K

更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Senescent cells (SCs) arise from normal cells in multiple organs due to inflammatory, metabolic, DNA damage, or tissue damage signals. SCs are non-proliferating but metabolically active cells that can secrete a range of pro-inflammatory and proteolytic factors as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Prata LGPL,Ovsyannikova IG,Tchkonia T,Kirkland JL

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The tyrosine activating motif (TAM) is a conserved signaling motif present in many hematopoietic receptors. Although the exact definition and the function of these motifs is not known, it is likely that these motifs bind and activate protein tyrosine kinases. Here we summarize the data regarding tyrosine kinase intera...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Shaw AS,Gauen LK,Zhu Y

更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00