Interactions of TCR tyrosine based activation motifs with tyrosine kinases.

abstract：:Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal without a costimulatory signal, are tolerized in vitro, the investigation of T cell costimulation has attracted intense interest. Earl...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Pilat N,Sayegh MH,Wekerle T

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The creation of a highly diverse antibody repertoire requires the synergistic activity of a DNA mutator, known as activation-induced deaminase (AID), coupled with an error-prone repair process that recognizes the DNA mismatch catalyzed by AID. Instead of facilitating the canonical error-free response, which generally ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Chahwan R,Edelmann W,Scharff MD,Roa S

更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The adaptive immune system, which utilizes RAG-mediated recombination to diversify immune receptors, arose in ancestors of the jawed vertebrates approximately 500 million years ago. Homologs of immunoglobulins (Igs), T cell antigen receptors (TCRs), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II, and the recombinatio...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Eason DD,Cannon JP,Haire RN,Rast JP,Ostrov DA,Litman GW

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:B cell tolerance is described as the absence of a measurable antibody forming response to an antigenic challenge. The establishment of antigen-specific tolerance requires, by definition, engagement of the B cell antigen-specific receptor. However, only in some circumstances does this engagement lead to tolerance, whil...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Alés-Martínez JE,Cuende E,Gaur A,Scott DW

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are a key population in controlling the immune response. Recently, their roles have been expanded to broader, non-immune, contexts, in particular the metabolic consequences downstream of obesity-induced inflammation, e.g. type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review hi...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Cipolletta D,Kolodin D,Benoist C,Mathis D

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During lymphocyte development, cell-fate decisions are determined by a myriad of signals produced by the micro- environment of the thymus and the bone marrow. These yet to be fully defined developmental cues regulate stage-specific gene expression, and the extraordinarily well-characterized stages of T and B cell deve...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Haks MC,Oosterwegel MA,Blom B,Spits HM,Kruisbeek AM

更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD4+ helper T cells recognize short peptides stably associated with class II MHC molecules displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Very little is known about the sequence of events that lead to the generation of these peptides from protein antigens. It is likely that native proteins must partially unfold...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Jensen PE

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In a panel of wild mice trapped in different geographical regions, the concomitant expression of V beta 17 T cell receptors and I-E histocompatibility molecules is frequent. By Southern blot analysis, eight forms of V beta 17 genes have been distinguished that encode five kinds of V beta 17 domains. Populations of Asi...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Jouvin-Marche E,Marche PN,Cazenave PA

更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Solid cancers progress from primordial lesions through complex interactions between tumor-promoting and anti-tumor immune cell types, ultimately leading to the orchestration of humoral and T cell adaptive immune responses, albeit in an immunosuppressive environment. B cells infiltrating most established tumors have be...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Conejo-Garcia JR,Biswas S,Chaurio R

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many immune cells can detect the direction and intensity of an extracellular chemical gradient, and migrate toward the source of stimulus. This process, called chemotaxis, is essential for immune system function and homeostasis, and its deregulation is associated with serious diseases. Chemotaxis is initiated by chemo...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Mañes S,Gómez-Moutón C,Lacalle RA,Jiménez-Baranda S,Mira E,Martínez-A C

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a key role in promoting tumor progression. The tumor uses exosomes to co-opt MSCs and re-program their functional profile from normally trophic to pro-tumorigenic. These tumor-derived small vesicles called "TEX" carry and ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Whiteside TL

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations have been shown to neutralize HIV-1 infection in vitro. Upon direct testing in humans, however, many of these have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Hu-PBL-SCID mice offer a model system in which to test the pre-clinical efficacy of antibody preparations....

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Koup RA,Safrit JT,Weir R,Gauduin MC

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of GPI-anchored membrane proteins presented a conundrum for membrane biologists. What could the special purpose be for this type of membrane anchor and why couldn't a transmembrane anchor do the same job? Recent information from several different sources is beginning to provide answers to these questions...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Anderson RG

更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent evidence indicates that memory B cells may originate from a precursor cell subset that is distinct from AFC precursors. Most convincing is the finding that fractionation of naive peripheral B-cell populations on the basis of surface heat stable antigen (HSA) expression yields two populations; one greatly enrich...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Klinman NR

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Advancing age is accompanied by profound changes in immune function; some are induced by the loss of critical niches that support development of naïve cells (e.g. thymic involution), others by the intrinsic physiology of long-lived cells attempting to maintain homeostasis, still others by extrinsic effects such as oxi...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： High KP,Akbar AN,Nikolich-Zugich J

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The commensal microbiome constitutes an important modulator of host physiology and risk of disease, including cancer development and progression. Lately, the microbiome has been suggested to modulate the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment. Examples include chemotherapy and total body irradiation-induced barrier functio...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Bashiardes S,Tuganbaev T,Federici S,Elinav E

更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanisms by which alphabeta T-cells are selected in the thymus and then recognize peptide MHC (pMHC) complexes in the periphery remain an enigma. Recent work particularly with respect to quantification of T-cell sensitivity and the role of self-ligands in T-cell activation has provided some important clues to th...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Krogsgaard M,Juang J,Davis MM

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The OX-40 receptor (OX-40R) is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of activated CD4(+) T cells. When engaged by an agonist such as anti-OX-40 antibody or the OX-40 ligand (OX-40L) during antigen presentation to T cell lines, the OX-40R generates a costimulatory signal that is as potent as CD28 costimulation. ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Weinberg AD,Vella AT,Croft M

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophages are important for tissue development, homeostasis as well as immune response upon injury or infection. For a long time they were only seen as one uniform group of phagocytes with a common origin and similar functions. However, this view has been challenged in the last decade and revealed a complex diversit...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Kierdorf K,Prinz M,Geissmann F,Gomez Perdiguero E

更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neoantigens are antigens encoded by tumor-specific mutated genes. Studies in the past few years have suggested a key role for neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Here we review the discoveries of neoantigens in the past two decades and the current advances in neoantigen identification. We also discuss the potential b...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Lu YC,Robbins PF

更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several mAbs that have been approved for the treatment of cancer make use of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) to eliminate tumor cells. Comprehensive investigations, based on in vitro studies, mouse models and analyses of patient blood samples after mAb treatment have provided key insights into the details of i...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Taylor RP,Lindorfer MA

更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A humoral immune response in the form of autoantibodies to tumor antigens occurs early during tumor development. Identification of antigens that induce an autoantibody response restricted to a cancer type has the potential to yield markers useful for early detection. A multitude of strategies are currently available f...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Kobayashi M,Katayama H,Fahrmann JF,Hanash SM

更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:From the earliest days in the field of tumor immunology three questions have been asked: do cancer cells express tumor-specific antigens, does the immune system recognize these antigens and if so, what is their biochemical nature? We now know that truly tumor-specific antigens exist, that they are caused by somatic mu...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Schietinger A,Philip M,Schreiber H

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a growth and differentiation factor critical for clonal T cell expansion and function. Produced exclusively in T cells, IL-2 transcription and synthesis occurs only after appropriate cellular activation via the clonotypic antigen-receptor and co-stimulatory molecules. IL-2 gene expression is in...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Holländer GA

更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most cells in the body have a constant supply of nutrients, which are required to sustain cellular metabolism and functions. In contrast, cells of the immune system can encounter conditions with a limited nutrient supply during the course of an immune response. Cells of the immune system frequently operate in complex ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Walls J,Sinclair L,Finlay D

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Apoptosis of activated lymphocytes is critical to immune homeostasis. The cell surface receptor Fas is an important mediator of lymphocyte apoptosis; defective Fas expression causes accumulation of lymphocytes and autoimmune disease in mice. Apoptosis defects due to mutations of Fas have also been found in a rare huma...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Puck JM,Sneller MC

更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for lymphocyte markers can be considered as very specific immunomodulating drugs for treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases. Although the selection of potentially useful specificities of MAb can be made in rodents, human specific MAb can only be evaluated in man o...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Jonker M

更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review we discuss the changes that occur in the B lymphocyte compartment of mice and humans as they progress to old age, focusing on recent advances in this important area of research. Primary areas considered include increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly following infection, and decreased responsiv...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Kogut I,Scholz JL,Cancro MP,Cambier JC

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is becoming increasingly accepted that macrophages play a crucial role in many diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, cancer, skin diseases, and even neurodegenerative diseases. It is therefore not surprising that macrophages in human diseases have gained signif...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Schultze JL,Schmieder A,Goerdt S

更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The complement system covalently attaches C3d to microbial antigens which binds to CR2 on B lymphocytes, leading to a markedly enhanced adaptive immune response to that antigen. The enhancement is mediated by the cross-linking of the CR2-CD19 complex to mIg which augments the activation of several intracellular signal...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Fearon DT

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00