Abstract：
:The creation of a highly diverse antibody repertoire requires the synergistic activity of a DNA mutator, known as activation-induced deaminase (AID), coupled with an error-prone repair process that recognizes the DNA mismatch catalyzed by AID. Instead of facilitating the canonical error-free response, which generally occurs throughout the genome, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) participates in an error-prone repair mode that promotes A:T mutagenesis and double-strand breaks at the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. As such, MMR is capable of compounding the mutation frequency of AID activity as well as broadening the spectrum of base mutations; thereby increasing the efficiency of antibody maturation. We here review the current understanding of this MMR-mediated process and describe how the MMR signaling cascade downstream of AID diverges in a locus dependent manner and even within the Ig locus itself to differentially promote somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) in B cells.
journal_name
Semin Immunoljournal_title
Seminars in immunologyauthors
Chahwan R,Edelmann W,Scharff MD,Roa Sdoi
10.1016/j.smim.2012.05.005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-08-01 00:00:00pages
293-300issue
4eissn
1044-5323issn
1096-3618pii
S1044-5323(12)00066-8journal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The BLyS family of receptors includes two cytokines, BLyS and APRIL; and three receptors, BR3, BCMA and TACI. Together, these regulate the size and composition of peripheral B cell pools. The multiplicity of ligand-receptor sets, in conjunction with differential receptor expression, alternative binding partners and di...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.001
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autoimmune diseases have been studied from the perspective of an abnormal immune response in genetically vulnerable hosts. Although the immune response is responsible for the initiation of autoimmune diseases, the effectors of the disease process likely involves cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The OX-40 receptor (OX-40R) is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of activated CD4(+) T cells. When engaged by an agonist such as anti-OX-40 antibody or the OX-40 ligand (OX-40L) during antigen presentation to T cell lines, the OX-40R generates a costimulatory signal that is as potent as CD28 costimulation. ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1998.0146
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune receptors are coupled to the activation of phosphatidylcholine phospholipase D (PC-PLD) that hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline. As these receptors are also coupled to other signalling cascades, it has been difficult to define the precise cell activation events resulting fr...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.2001.0341
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After decades of slow progress, the last years have seen a rapid acceleration of the development of adjuvanted vaccines which have lately been approved for human use. These adjuvants consist of different components, e.g. aluminium salts, emulsions such as MF59 and AS03, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (CpG ormonopho...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2018.05.001
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized sensors of viral nucleic acids that initiate protective immunity through the production of type I interferons (IFNs). Normally, pDCs fail to sense host-derived self-nucleic acids but do so when self-nucleic acids form complexes with endogenous antimicrobial peptides ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.01.004
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pentraxins are highly conserved components of the humoral arm of innate immunity. They include the short pentraxins C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP), and the long pentraxin PTX3. These are soluble pattern-recognition molecules that are present in the blood and body fluids, and share the abi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.002
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Conventional therapies for malignant gliomas (MGs) fail to target tumor cells exclusively, such that their efficacy is ultimately limited by non-specific toxicity. Immunologic targeting of tumor-specific gene mutations, however, may allow more precise eradication of neoplastic cells. The epidermal growth factor recept...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2008.04.001
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T helper (TH) cells can assume different phenotypes characterized by the secretion of distinct effector molecules. Interferon-gamma producing TH1 and IL-4 producing TH2 cells have long been recognized as important mediators of host defense, whereas regulatory T cells are known to suppress T cell responses. Recently, T...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.016
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major public health burden. It is generally thought that while B cell- and antibody-mediated immunity plays an important role in host defense against extracellular pathogens, the primary control of intracellular microbes derives from cellular immune mechanisms. Studies on the immun...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.005
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since its first description by Wells and Osbourne in 1911, oral tolerance has intrigued researchers due to its potential for therapeutic applications. Oral tolerance can be defined as an inhibition of specific immune responsiveness to subsequent parenteral injections of proteins to which an individual or animal has be...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.004
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, there have been a number of reports that gamma delta T cells are stimulated by heat shock, or stress, proteins. Although some alpha beta T cells are capable of recognizing heat shock proteins, we speculate that most or a group of gamma delta cells generally recognize this type of antigen. Recognition of heat...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viral and microbial pathogens contain specific motifs or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by cell surface- and endosome-associated Toll-like receptors (TLRs). RNA virus infection is also detected through TLR-independent mechanisms. Early viral replicative intermediates are detected by...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.001
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies on oral immunotherapy (OIT) have been increasing worldwide. Nevertheless, some concerns exist with this treatment. The rate of long-term sustained unresponsiveness is quite low; moreover, the desensitization or sustained unresponsiveness does not equate to tolerance. Furthermore, adverse reactions are frequent...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.008
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neoantigens are antigens encoded by tumor-specific mutated genes. Studies in the past few years have suggested a key role for neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Here we review the discoveries of neoantigens in the past two decades and the current advances in neoantigen identification. We also discuss the potential b...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2015.11.002
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cellular activation is mainly defined as the response of a cell to exogenous signals eventually leading to changes in protein expression and cellular function. Originally, macrophage activation was mainly associated with phagocytic function. Later other effector functions such as cytokine secretion, upregulation of ce...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.009
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most cells in the body have a constant supply of nutrients, which are required to sustain cellular metabolism and functions. In contrast, cells of the immune system can encounter conditions with a limited nutrient supply during the course of an immune response. Cells of the immune system frequently operate in complex ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.001
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pursuit of clinical transplant tolerance has led to enhanced understanding of mechanisms underlying immune regulation, including the characterization of immune regulatory cells, in particular antigen-presenting cells (APC) and regulatory T cells (Treg), that may play key roles in promoting operational tolerance. D...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.007
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The unfolded protein response as a consequence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has recently been implicated as a novel mechanism that may lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Impairment of proper ER stress resolution in highly secretory Paneth and, to a lesser extent, goblet cells within the epithelium can p...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.01.001
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autoantigens that contain DNA, RNA, or self-IgG are preferred targets for autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B cells promote SLE pathogenesis by producing autoantibodies, activating autoreactive T cells, and secreting cytokines. We discuss how certain autoreactive B cells are selectively activated, ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2006.12.005
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The skin immune system harbors a complex network of dendritic cells (DCs). Recent studies highlight a diverse functional specialization of skin DC subsets. In addition to generating cellular and humoral immunity against pathogens, skin DCs are involved in tolerogenic mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of immune home...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.006
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity is now recognised as a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease contributing to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple mechanisms leading to the low grade inflammation in this setting have been suggested. Due to the complexity and interconnection of inflammatory and...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.001
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As T cells respond to pathogens, they must transition from a quiescent, naïve state, to a rapidly proliferating, active effector state, and back again to a quiescent state as they develop into memory cells. Such transitions place unique metabolic demands on the differentiating cells. T cells meet these demands by alte...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2012.12.006
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This issue of Seminars in Immunology on The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Family of Ligands and Receptors updates the rapidly expanding importance of this family. There are individual chapters on IL-1α, IL-1β, processing and secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36 and IL-37. In addition, a chapter of IL-1 decoy receptors, IL-1...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.001
更新日期：2013-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances have enabled a comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with over 30 identified and replicated disease loci. The pathophysiological consequences of disease gene variants in Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, the two main subentities of IBD, so far a...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.10.001
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibody production is crucial for a successful vaccine response. Beyond the ability of vitamin A (VA) and its active metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to restore growth in VA-deficient animals, supplementation with VA and/or treatment with RA can augment antibody responses in both VA-deficient and VA-adequate ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2008.08.004
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:B cells require signals from multiple sources for their development from precursor cells, and differentiation into effector cells. BAFF has been identified as a critical regulator of B cell development and differentiation. Defects in the production of BAFF and/or expression of its receptors have been associated with a...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.004
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The complement system covalently attaches C3d to microbial antigens which binds to CR2 on B lymphocytes, leading to a markedly enhanced adaptive immune response to that antigen. The enhancement is mediated by the cross-linking of the CR2-CD19 complex to mIg which augments the activation of several intracellular signal...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1998.0137
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The tyrosine activating motif (TAM) is a conserved signaling motif present in many hematopoietic receptors. Although the exact definition and the function of these motifs is not known, it is likely that these motifs bind and activate protein tyrosine kinases. Here we summarize the data regarding tyrosine kinase intera...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/1044-5323(95)90003-9
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergen tolerance in humans have been intensively studied in the past few decades. The demonstration of epitope-specific T cell tolerance, particularly mediated by the immune suppressor functions of IL-10 led to a major conceptual change in this area more than 20 years ago. Cu...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2019.101326
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
