Abstract:
:Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal without a costimulatory signal, are tolerized in vitro, the investigation of T cell costimulation has attracted intense interest. Early studies demonstrated that interrupting T cell costimulation allows attenuation of the alloresponse, which is particularly difficult to modulate due to the clone size of alloreactive T cells. The understanding of costimulation has since evolved substantially and now encompasses not only positive signals involved in T cell activation but also negative signals inhibiting T cell activation and promoting T cell tolerance. Costimulation blockade has been used effectively for the induction of tolerance in rodent models of transplantation, but turned out to be less potent in large animals and humans. In this overview we will discuss the evolution of the concept of T cell costimulation, the potential of 'classical' and newly identified costimulation pathways as therapeutic targets for organ transplantation as well as progress towards clinical application of the first costimulation blocking compound.
journal_name
Semin Immunoljournal_title
Seminars in immunologyauthors
Pilat N,Sayegh MH,Wekerle Tdoi
10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-08-01 00:00:00pages
293-303issue
4eissn
1044-5323issn
1096-3618pii
S1044-5323(11)00047-9journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Vaccinations are powerful tools for combating infections. Because of the age-related impairment in immune functions, the currently available vaccines are protecting only a small proportion of the elderly population. We, here, provide an overview of age-related changes in innate and adaptive immunity with particular em...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2005.05.005
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Naturally arising CD4(+) regulatory T cells are critical mediators of peripheral self tolerance and immune homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that these cells are a dedicated T cell lineage constitutively acting in a dominant, cell extrinsic manner to regulate immune function. These observations are driving a ree...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2003.12.002
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many human cancers possess a complex chemokine network that may influence the extent and phenotype of the leukocyte infiltrate, angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, survival and migration. Restricted expression of chemokine receptors on leukocytes may allow concise control of cell movement and retention at the tumor site....
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1044-5323(02)00127-6
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of the mucosal immune system to distinguish between harmful and harmless antigens is essential for mounting protective immune responses and preventing the induction of mucosal pathology yet the basis for this remains unclear. As fed antigen can also exert systemic effects understanding oral tolerance and p...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.2001.0310
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The complement system covalently attaches C3d to microbial antigens which binds to CR2 on B lymphocytes, leading to a markedly enhanced adaptive immune response to that antigen. The enhancement is mediated by the cross-linking of the CR2-CD19 complex to mIg which augments the activation of several intracellular signal...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1998.0137
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of the immune system to discriminate between healthy-self, abnormal-self, and non-self has been attributed mainly to alarmins signaling as "danger signals". It is now evident, however, that alarmins are much more complex and can perform specialized functions that can regulate a wide spectrum of processes r...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2018.08.004
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonar...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.003
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In humans, blood is commonly monitored to provide surrogates of disease progression and assess immune status. However, the varied, rapid and atypical alterations in lymphocyte subsets which may occur in blood in response to pathogens, are not predictive of changes in the bulk of the immune system. A hallmark of human ...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1999.0169
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the adult thymus the majority of thymocytes are at a non-proliferating end stage, during which 3% of all CD4+CD8+ cortical thymocytes are selected on the basis of appropriate T-cell antigen-receptor (TcR) specificity to become CD4-CD8+ or CD4+CD8- mature thymocytes. The selected mature cells gradually emigrate to t...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2005.10.002
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, there have been a number of reports that gamma delta T cells are stimulated by heat shock, or stress, proteins. Although some alpha beta T cells are capable of recognizing heat shock proteins, we speculate that most or a group of gamma delta cells generally recognize this type of antigen. Recognition of heat...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::V(D)J recombination consists of a DNA cleavage reaction catalysed by RAG1 and RAG2, followed by an end-joining reaction that utilizes the cell's double-strand break repair machinery. Genes essential for the end-joining reaction include: XRCC4 encoding a protein of unknown enzymatic function; XRCC5 and XRCC6 encoding 8...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1997.0070
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pursuit of clinical transplant tolerance has led to enhanced understanding of mechanisms underlying immune regulation, including the characterization of immune regulatory cells, in particular antigen-presenting cells (APC) and regulatory T cells (Treg), that may play key roles in promoting operational tolerance. D...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.007
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A growing amount of evidences indicates that inflammaging - the chronic, low grade inflammation state characteristic of the elderly - is the result of genetic as well as environmental or stochastic factors. Some of these, such as the accumulation of senescent cells that are persistent during aging or accompany its pro...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.009
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are a key population in controlling the immune response. Recently, their roles have been expanded to broader, non-immune, contexts, in particular the metabolic consequences downstream of obesity-induced inflammation, e.g. type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review hi...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.002
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ectodysplasin (Eda) is the most studied tumor necrosis ligand in the field of developmental biology. In all vertebrates studied so far, inactivating germline mutations in Eda lead to the genetic disease called hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). In humans, HED is a life-threatening condition in particular in infa...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.002
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1995.0030
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.2000.0296
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several mAbs that have been approved for the treatment of cancer make use of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) to eliminate tumor cells. Comprehensive investigations, based on in vitro studies, mouse models and analyses of patient blood samples after mAb treatment have provided key insights into the details of i...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.003
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.021
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1995.0039
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing interest in the initial steps of hemopoiesis in the embryo is prompted by the lack of information about the primordial origin and the nature of hemopoietic stem cells. It appears critical to understand the emergence, diversification and differentiation potential of hemopoietic cells in the preliver embryo. ...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/1044-5323(95)90041-1
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A humoral immune response in the form of autoantibodies to tumor antigens occurs early during tumor development. Identification of antigens that induce an autoantibody response restricted to a cancer type has the potential to yield markers useful for early detection. A multitude of strategies are currently available f...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2020.101388
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journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2008.07.001
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pentraxins are highly conserved components of the humoral arm of innate immunity. They include the short pentraxins C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP), and the long pentraxin PTX3. These are soluble pattern-recognition molecules that are present in the blood and body fluids, and share the abi...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.002
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a growth and differentiation factor critical for clonal T cell expansion and function. Produced exclusively in T cells, IL-2 transcription and synthesis occurs only after appropriate cellular activation via the clonotypic antigen-receptor and co-stimulatory molecules. IL-2 gene expression is in...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1999.0192
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leukocyte subsets are recruited from the blood to lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues via a multi-step process that involves distinct adhesive and activation steps. Chemokines, a family of chemotactic cytokines that signal through G-protein-coupled receptors, play critical roles in regulating the leukocyte recruitment c...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.2001.0345
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Department of lymphocytes from hematopoietic stem cells is controlled, in part, by the activity of transcriptional regulatory proteins. In particular, one class of helix-loop-helix proteins, termed E-proteins, have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression during B-cell development. Recent analysis of gene-...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1998.0116
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The vertebrate innate immune system consists of inflammatory cells and soluble mediators that comprise the first line of defense against microbial infection and, importantly, trigger antigen-specific T and B cell responses that lead to lasting immunity. The molecular mechanisms responsible for microbial non-self recog...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.006
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00