Intestinal epithelial cells as watchdogs for the natural immune system.

abstract：:Fluorescent amino acid analogs have proven to be useful tools for studying the dynamics of peptidoglycan metabolism. García-Heredia and colleagues showed that their route of incorporation differs depending on the adjunct fluorophore and applied this property to investigate mycobacterial peptidoglycan synthesis and rem...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Botella H,Vaubourgeix J

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacterial motility relies chiefly on the rotation of a molecular propeller, the flagellar filament, which is constructed from the protein flagellin. Here, flagellin sequence conservation and diversity is examined in the light of the recently determined flagellar filament structure. As expected, the surface-exposed dom...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Beatson SA,Minamino T,Pallen MJ

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microbial dormancy is a widespread phenomenon employed by bacteria to evade environmental threats including antibiotics. This intrinsic mechanism of antibiotic tolerance has drawn special attention to the role of dormancy in human disease, particularly in regards to recurrent infections. Two dormancy states, the viabl...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Ayrapetyan M,Williams TC,Oliver JD

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microbial pathogens possess a diversity of weapons that disrupt host homeostasis and immune defenses, thus resulting in the establishment of infection. The best-characterized system mediating bacterial protein delivery into target eukaryotic cells is the type III secretion system (T3SS) expressed by Gram-negative bact...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Pinaud L,Sansonetti PJ,Phalipon A

更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Selected bacterial pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, establish persistent infections in mammalian hosts despite activating inflammatory and antimicrobial responses. The strategies used to overcome host defense responses vary with the anatomical location of the infection but often r...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Rhen M,Eriksson S,Clements M,Bergström S,Normark SJ

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The assembly of microbial communities within the gastrointestinal tract during early life plays a critical role in immune, endocrine, metabolic, and other host developmental pathways. Environmental insults during this period, such as food insecurity and infections, can disrupt this optimal microbial succession, which ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Robertson RC,Manges AR,Finlay BB,Prendergast AJ

更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent American successes against poliomyelitis and measles have been attributed to repeated 'pulse' vaccination campaigns. Whilst logistic and economic constraints will be crucial, a deeper epidemiological understanding of the mechanism, strengths and weaknesses of pulse vaccination will optimize the chances of succe...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Nokes DJ,Swinton J

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A recent paper by Castilla et al. reported the detection of prions in the blood of scrapie-infected hamsters using a biochemical amplification method that is conceptually analogous to the polymerase chain reaction. This technological advance raises the possibility that prion diseases in humans and livestock could soon...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Supattapone S,Geoghegan JC,Rees JR

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Gram-positive soil bacterium, is used for the production of l-glutamate and l-lysine, both of which are derived from intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Recent studies have revealed that this amphibolic pathway is subject to complex regulation not only at the transcriptio...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Bott M

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Across a range of pathogens, resistance to chemotherapy is a growing problem in both public health and animal health. Despite the ubiquity of coinfection, and its potential effects on within-host biology, the role played by coinfecting pathogens on the evolution of resistance and efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Birger RB,Kouyos RD,Cohen T,Griffiths EC,Huijben S,Mina MJ,Volkova V,Grenfell B,Metcalf CJE

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Growing concerns about global climate change and energy dependence have led to an increased effort to reduce carbon emissions. A considerable reduction could be achieved by using biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass instead of fossil fuels. One major bottleneck of biofuel production from lignocellulose is the availab...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Hess M

更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several features of HIV have frustrated efforts to develop a vaccine able to induce broadly neutralising antibodies. The enormous genetic diversity of HIV is a major factor, accompanied by the camouflaged nature of the envelope spike, upon which HIV depends for cellular entry and to which antibodies must bind to neutr...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Willey S,Aasa-Chapman MM

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis is of huge importance as it underpins the success of coral reefs, yet we know very little about how the host cnidarian and its dinoflagellate endosymbionts communicate with each other to form a functionally integrated unit. Here, we review the current knowledge of interpartner mo...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Rosset SL,Oakley CA,Ferrier-Pagès C,Suggett DJ,Weis VM,Davy SK

更新日期：2020-09-23 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian immune system includes a sophisticated array of antimicrobial mechanisms. However, successful pathogens have developed subversive strategies to detect, modulate, and/or evade immune control and clearance. Independent disciplines study host immunology and bacterial pathogenesis, but interkingdom signaling...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Gestal MC,Whitesides LT,Harvill ET

更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many plant pathogens subvert host immunity by injecting compositionally diverse but functionally similar repertoires of cytoplasmic effector proteins. The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae is a model for exploring the functional structure of such repertoires. The pangenome of P. syringae encodes 57 families of e...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Lindeberg M,Cunnac S,Collmer A

更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacterial pathogens are dependent on virulence factors to efficiently colonize and propagate within their hosts. Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens rely on specialized proteinaceous secretion systems that inject virulence factors, termed effectors, directly into host cells. These bacterial effector proteins perfor...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Shames SR,Finlay BB

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Gram-negative bacteria, type II secretion (T2S) is one of five protein secretion systems that permit the export of proteins from within the bacterial cell to the extracellular milieu and/or into target host cells. An analysis of numerous sequenced genomes now reveals that T2S genes are common, but by no means unive...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Cianciotto NP

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Strains of Helicobacter pylori from patients with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer contain a 40-kb fragment of DNA that is not present in isolates from carriers with asymptomatic infections. The discovery of the cag pathogenicity island suggests that virulence has evolved by quantum leaps through the inheritanc...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Covacci A,Falkow S,Berg DE,Rappuoli R

更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite the lack of an in vitro replication system, genes coding for viral proteins of hepatitis C virus have been identified. The putative nucleocapsid (p22) and envelope (gp35 and gp58) proteins have been expressed in cells by different vectors under various foreign promoters. Detection of antibodies to these protei...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Miyamura T,Matsuura Y

更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an exogenous retrovirus that persists lifelong in the infected host. Infection has been linked to a spectrum of diverse diseases: adult T cell leukemia, encephalomyelopathy, and predisposition to opportunistic bacterial and helminth infections. Applications of new technolo...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Tattermusch S,Bangham CR

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Because the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus capsid protein is known, mutations that alter the phenotype of the virus-plant interaction can be correlated with structural changes in this protein. These mutations affect the disease symptoms caused by the virus and recognition of the virus by a plant resistance gene...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Chapman S,Lindbeck AG,Dawson WO

更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are a frequent cause of biofilm-associated infections that are a tremendous burden on our healthcare system. Staphylococcal biofilms exhibit extraordinary resistance to antimicrobial killing, limiting the efficacy of antibiotic therapy, and surgical intervention is ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Boles BR,Horswill AR

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major human respiratory pathogen, our knowledge of how it causes disease in humans is limited. Airway epithelial cells are the primary targets of RSV infection in vivo, so the generation and exploitation of RSV infection models based on morphologically and physiologicall...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Villenave R,Shields MD,Power UF

更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pathogenic Yersinia express a number of strictly regulated, plasmid-encoded virulence determinants (Yops), some of which are important in enabling the pathogen to block phagocytosis. The events mediating antiphagocytosis and the regulation of this process are becoming increasingly well understood. ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Forsberg A,Rosqvist R,Wolf-Watz H

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In nongrowing microbes, proteome turnover is reduced and identification of newly synthesized, low-abundance proteins is challenging. Babin and colleagues recently utilized bio-orthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) to identify actively synthesized proteins in nongrowing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, discovering...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Henry TC,Brynildsen MP

更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although it is commonly assumed that Darwin had nothing to say about microbes, he did in fact say quite a lot. He included microbes in his Beagle studies of the geographical distribution of organisms and used microscopic organisms as explicit exemplars of how adaptation did not imply increasing complexity. Darwin ofte...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： O'Malley MA

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genomics is fast becoming a routine tool in medical diagnostics and cutting-edge biotechnologies. Yet, its use for environmental biomonitoring is still considered a futuristic ideal. Until now, environmental genomics was mainly used as a replacement of the burdensome morphological identification, to screen known morph...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Cordier T,Lanzén A,Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil L,Stoeck T,Pawlowski J

更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:H3N2-subtype influenza A viruses are major causes of seasonal influenza epidemics. Emerging H3N2 variants require the annual adjustment of the vaccine strain. Recently, studies addressing the reduced effectiveness of current H3N2 vaccines have identified production-related substitutions in the viral hemagglutinin anti...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Mostafa A,Pleschka S

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rolling circle DNA replication is inherently continuous and unregulated. This 'go-for-broke' strategy works well for lytic phages but is suicidal for plasmids that must coexist with their host. Plasmids have consequently evolved elaborate copy number control systems that operate at the transcriptional, translational a...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Rasooly A,Rasooly RS

更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In bacteria, Ca(2+) is implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including the cell cycle and cell division. Dedicated influx and efflux systems tightly control the low cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels in prokaryotes. Additionally, the growing number of proteins containing various Ca(2+)-binding motifs supports the...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Michiels J,Xi C,Verhaert J,Vanderleyden J

更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00