Abstract:
:Intercellular channels present in gap junctions allow cells to share small molecules and thus coordinate a wide range of behaviors. Remarkably, although junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, vertebrates and invertebrates use unrelated gene families to encode these channels. The recent identification of the invertebrate innexin family opens up powerful genetic systems to studies of intercellular communication. At the same time, new information on the physiological roles of vertebrate connexins has emerged from genetic studies. Mutations in connexin genes underlie a variety of human diseases, including deafness, demyelinating neuropathies, and lens cataracts. In addition, gene targeting of connexins in mice has provided new insights into connexin function and the significance of connexin diversity.
journal_name
Annu Rev Physioljournal_title
Annual review of physiologyauthors
White TW,Paul DLdoi
10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.283subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-01-01 00:00:00pages
283-310eissn
0066-4278issn
1545-1585journal_volume
61pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by abnormal hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and hepatocyte dysfunction. Importantly, it is also closely linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD predisposes susceptible individuals to cirrhosis, hepatoce...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105331
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide has imparted renewed impetus to the study of the mechanisms of appetite regulation. Digestion and nutrient absorption take place in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, whereas food intake is controlled by neuronal circuits in the central nervous system. The need for gut-brai...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100506
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, it has become apparent that ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) in the neuronal plasma membrane interact via their cytoplasmic domains with a multitude of intracellular proteins. Different classes of ligand-gated channels associate with distinct sets of intracellular proteins, often throu...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.755
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Low oxygen (O2) levels are a naturally occurring feature of embryonic development, adult physiology, and diseases such as those of the cardiovascular system. Although many responses to O2 deprivation are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), researchers are finding a growing number of HIF-independent pathways ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100526
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In addition to the well established action of PTH in proximal tubules and of AVP in collecting tubules, polypeptide hormones were recently shown to regulate transport properties in other tubular portions. Although still scarce, such physiological studies using isolated perfused tubules demonstrated hormonal effects in...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.43.030181.003033
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the efforts to find a place map of sound direction within the auditory system of mammals has been reinspired by the recent discoveries in owl, progress to date has not been encouraging. Neither the inferior colliculus nor auditory cortex has yielded immediate evidence of such a map, despite ingenious and pers...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.001423
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. Spines accumulate rapidly during early postnatal development and undergo a substantial loss as animals mature into adulthood. In past decades, studies have revealed that the number and size of dendritic spines are regu...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163140
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and the normal tissue environment. Three broad pathways control polar...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034339
更新日期:2017-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::The last seven years have been exciting in the world of mucin biology. Molecular analyses of mucin genes and deduced protein structures have provided insight into structural features of mucins and tools with which to examine expression, secretion, and glycosylation, thereby enabling a better understanding of the role ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.003135
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the last five years, cDNAs and genes encoding more than 20 neuroendocrine peptides have been cloned. The information gleaned from these genes has been largely structural to this point, and illustrates the great versatility of neuroendocrine genes in generating diverse sets of bioactive peptides. An ongoing cont...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.48.030186.002243
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulated exocytosis involves the tightly controlled fusion of a transport vesicle with the plasma membrane. It includes processes as diverse as the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic nerve endings and the sperm-triggered deposition of a barrier preventing polyspermy in oocytes. Cell-free model systems have...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.777
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::My scientific life has been spent trying to understand how cells communicate with each other. This interest in cell signaling began with studies on the control of fluid secretion by an insect salivary gland, and the subsequent quest led to the discovery of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and its role in calcium signaling...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040103.152647
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::When compiling results obtained with various techniques, it appears that the apical Na translocators are channels of high Na, Li selectivity that permit large transport rates at low driving forces. The concentration dependence of the transport rate is linear at least up to 60 mM Nao. The voltage dependence is of the G...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.002433
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tremendous progress has been made in elucidating numerous critical aspects of estrogen signaling. New tools and techniques have enabled detailed molecular analysis of components that direct estrogen responses. At the other end of the spectrum, generation of a multiplicity of transgenic animals has allowed analysis of ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.115914
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The glycolytic enzyme glucokinase plays a key role in glucose sensing by the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells, and mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme are a common cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus characterized by autosomal-dominant i...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.001131
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Practical limitations of the patch-clamp technique when recording mechanogated membrane ion channels are considered. Mechanical overstimulation of the patch or the cell from excessive suction/pressure protocols induces morphological and functional changes. In particular, the plasma membrane becomes decoupled from the ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.621
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The life of a human lung can be subdivided into five distinct phases: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar. The embryonic period, during which the lung primordium is laid down as a diverticulum of the foregut, lasts for about seven weeks. From the 5th to the 17th week the lung looks much lik...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.003153
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nearly every cell in the kidney can volume regulate in response to a hypertonic challenge. Some are able to respond immediately to hyperosmotic media by a RVI. Other cells require stimulation prior to exposure to hyperosmolarity to demonstrate RVI. An increase of intracellular osmolytes during RVI usually occurs by an...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.52.030190.003553
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite continuous interest in cardiac hypertrophy, our knowledge of its molecular aspects is still elementary. Recently, however, several advancements of particular interest have been made: (a) Nuclei of muscle and nonmuscle cells have been separated, allowing for the first time the study of nuclear activity in speci...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.41.030179.002543
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A largely unilamellar epithelial layer lines body cavities and organ ducts such as the digestive tract and kidney tubules. This polarized epithelium is composed of biochemically and functionally separate apical and basolateral surfaces. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is a critical regula...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170406
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Angiotensin receptors are present in a number of organs and systems including heart, kidney, gonad, and placenta; pituitary and adrenal glands; the peripheral vessels, and the central nervous system. This octapeptide exerts diverse effects that include induction of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and a stimulation...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.395
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence indicates that PDGF is a major cytokine that impacts on the biology of renal cells and the pathogenesis of renal disease. The biologic effects of PDGF on cells and tissue, whether contraction, proliferation, matrix expansion, or cell migration, can result in beneficial or injurious consequences depending on t...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.001501
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A thorough consideration of the evidence for striated muscle cell transmembrane nucleotide movement provides only equivocal support for adenine nucleotide specific translocation across cell membranes. It is obvious that nucleotide-derived adenosine is taken up into cells in preference to free adenosine, and it is impo...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.003133
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian kidney is a highly complex organ that requires the precise structural arrangement of multiple cell types for effective function. The need to filter large volumes of plasma at the glomerulus followed by active reabsorption of nearly 99% of that filtrate by the tubules creates vulnerability in both compart...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163245
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Circadian clocks organize behavior and physiology to adapt to daily environmental cycles. Genetic approaches in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have revealed widely conserved molecular gears of these 24-h timers. Yet much less is known about how these cell-autonomous clocks confer temporal information to modul...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135815
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, we have traced the path of estradiol from its entry into the cell to the time of its release from the receptor. We feel that all of the current models are limited in one respect or another. We have examined most critically those currently most in vogue. The entry of estradiol into the cell is widely as...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.38.030176.002233
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lung development differs in the embryo and fetus with regard to branching pattern and organization of the epithelial cells. The surrounding mesodermal component, the capsule, has long been known to play a role in branching. As a result of recent analyses of distribution of components of the extracellular matrix couple...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.000521
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are building blocks for all life-forms. We review here the fundamentals of BCAA metabolism in mammalian physiology. Decades of studies have elicited a deep understanding of biochemical reactions involved in BCAA catabolism. In addition, BCAAs and various catabolic products act as sig...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114455
更新日期:2019-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles to survive extremes of oxygen availability derives from a core triad of adaptations: profound metabolic suppression, tolerance of ionic and pH disturbances, and mechanisms for avoiding free-radical injury during reoxygenation. For long-term anoxic survival, enhanced stor...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.031905.162529
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are nuclear receptors that function as intracellular sensors for sterols and bile acids, respectively. In response to their ligands, these receptors induce transcriptional responses that maintain a balanced, finely tuned regulation of cholesterol and bile acid me...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.033104.152158
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00