Reconstitution of regulated exocytosis in cell-free systems: a critical appraisal.

abstract：:As stated earlier, the mammalian ovary maintains the continuous development of follicles, but only a few are selected to ovulate and form corpora lutea. These processes are regulated primarily by the gonadotropins and involve specific, sequential changes in the function of theca cells and granulosa cells. Data from re...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Richards JS,Hedin L

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and the normal tissue environment. Three broad pathways control polar...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Murray PJ

更新日期：2017-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:An intriguing aspect of animal diversity is the wide range of maximal mass-specific metabolic rates attainable by various species. Metabolic ceilings vary with respect to whether hypermetabolic states involve relatively short bouts of burst or aerobic exercise, or long-term physical activity wherein time-averaged rate...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Suarez RK

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Current information indicates that the mammalian kidney is a significant site of EGF synthesis, second only to the salivary gland in the rodent and probably exceeding most other tissues in the human species. The prepro EGF mRNA is localized to the cells of the TALH and the DCT. The EGF mRNA transcript in kidney is sim...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Fisher DA,Salido EC,Barajas L

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cost of living can be measured as an animal's metabolic rate. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is factorially related to other metabolic rates. Analysis of BMR variation suggests that metabolism is a series of linked processes varying in unison. Membrane processes, such as maintenance of ion gradients, are important cos...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hulbert AJ,Else PL

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1 degrees C colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Fletcher GL,Hew CL,Davies PL

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The glycolytic enzyme glucokinase plays a key role in glucose sensing by the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells, and mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme are a common cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus characterized by autosomal-dominant i...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bell GI,Pilkis SJ,Weber IT,Polonsky KS

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In addition to the well established action of PTH in proximal tubules and of AVP in collecting tubules, polypeptide hormones were recently shown to regulate transport properties in other tubular portions. Although still scarce, such physiological studies using isolated perfused tubules demonstrated hormonal effects in...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Morel F,Imbert-Teboul M,Chabardès D

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cardiac hypertrophy is the heart's response to a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli that impose increased biomechanical stress. While hypertrophy can eventually normalize wall tension, it is associated with an unfavorable outcome and threatens affected patients with sudden death or progression to overt heart f...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Frey N,Olson EN

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has resulted in scientific projections of changes in global temperatures, climate in general, and surface seawater chemistry. Although the consequences to ecosystems and communities of metazoans are only beginning to be revealed, a key to forecasting expected changes in animal communi...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hofmann GE,Todgham AE

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although the efforts to find a place map of sound direction within the auditory system of mammals has been reinspired by the recent discoveries in owl, progress to date has not been encouraging. Neither the inferior colliculus nor auditory cortex has yielded immediate evidence of such a map, despite ingenious and pers...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Masterton RB,Imig TJ

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A vast number of proteins are involved in synaptic function. Many have been cloned and their functional role defined with varying degrees of success, but their number and complexity currently defy any molecular understanding of the physiology of synapses. A beacon of success in this medieval era of synaptic biology is...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Mayer ML,Armstrong N

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lung development differs in the embryo and fetus with regard to branching pattern and organization of the epithelial cells. The surrounding mesodermal component, the capsule, has long been known to play a role in branching. As a result of recent analyses of distribution of components of the extracellular matrix couple...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hilfer SR

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A largely unilamellar epithelial layer lines body cavities and organ ducts such as the digestive tract and kidney tubules. This polarized epithelium is composed of biochemically and functionally separate apical and basolateral surfaces. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is a critical regula...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Singh B,Coffey RJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Angiotensin receptors are present in a number of organs and systems including heart, kidney, gonad, and placenta; pituitary and adrenal glands; the peripheral vessels, and the central nervous system. This octapeptide exerts diverse effects that include induction of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and a stimulation...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Matsusaka T,Ichikawa I

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent knowledge of the renal epithelial transport systems has exploded with the identification, cloning, and characterization of a large number of membrane transport proteins. The fundamental aspects of these transporters are beginning to emerge at the molecular level and are summarized in the accompanying contri...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Warnock DG

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:My scientific life has been spent trying to understand how cells communicate with each other. This interest in cell signaling began with studies on the control of fluid secretion by an insect salivary gland, and the subsequent quest led to the discovery of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and its role in calcium signaling...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Berridge MJ

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three families of growth factors/hormones have major effects on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. Two (FGF and TGF-beta) are potent inhibitors, and the third (IGF) exhibits a biphasic stimulatory action (but is not inhibitory even at high concentrations). All of these affect the expression of myogenin, one...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Florini JR,Ewton DZ,Magri KA

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular and functional evidence indicates that a variety of Ca(2+)-dependent chloride (Cl(Ca)) channels are involved in fluid secretion from secretory epithelial cells in different tissues and species. Most Cl(Ca) channels so far characterized have an I- permeability greater than Cl-, and most are sensitive to 4,4'-...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kidd JF,Thorn P

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide has imparted renewed impetus to the study of the mechanisms of appetite regulation. Digestion and nutrient absorption take place in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, whereas food intake is controlled by neuronal circuits in the central nervous system. The need for gut-brai...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Chaudhri OB,Salem V,Murphy KG,Bloom SR

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ceramide is a sphingosine-based lipid signaling molecule that regulates cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The emerging picture suggests that coupling of ceramide to specific signaling cascades is both stimulus and cell-type specific. Ceramide action is determined within the context of other stimu...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kolesnick RN,Krönke M

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles to survive extremes of oxygen availability derives from a core triad of adaptations: profound metabolic suppression, tolerance of ionic and pH disturbances, and mechanisms for avoiding free-radical injury during reoxygenation. For long-term anoxic survival, enhanced stor...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bickler PE,Buck LT

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A characteristic feature of the human airway epithelium is the presence of ciliated cells bearing motile cilia, specialized cell surface projections containing axonemes composed of microtubules and dynein arms, which provide ATP-driven motility. In the airways, cilia function in concert with airway mucus to mediate th...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Tilley AE,Walters MS,Shaykhiev R,Crystal RG

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last five years, cDNAs and genes encoding more than 20 neuroendocrine peptides have been cloned. The information gleaned from these genes has been largely structural to this point, and illustrates the great versatility of neuroendocrine genes in generating diverse sets of bioactive peptides. An ongoing cont...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Mayo KE,Evans RM,Rosenfeld GM

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most living organisms, including humans, age. Over time the ability to do physical and intellectual work deteriorates, and susceptibility to infectious, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases increases, which leads to general fitness decline and ultimately to death. Work in model organisms has demonstrated that gen...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Libert S,Guarente L

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When compiling results obtained with various techniques, it appears that the apical Na translocators are channels of high Na, Li selectivity that permit large transport rates at low driving forces. The concentration dependence of the transport rate is linear at least up to 60 mM Nao. The voltage dependence is of the G...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Lindemann B

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized to dissipate chemical energy in the form of heat as a defense against cold and excessive feeding. Interest in the field of BAT biology has exploded in the past few years because of the therapeutic potential of BAT to counteract obesity and obesity-related diseases, including i...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kajimura S,Saito M

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tremendous progress has been made in elucidating numerous critical aspects of estrogen signaling. New tools and techniques have enabled detailed molecular analysis of components that direct estrogen responses. At the other end of the spectrum, generation of a multiplicity of transgenic animals has allowed analysis of ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hewitt SC,Harrell JC,Korach KS

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intercellular channels present in gap junctions allow cells to share small molecules and thus coordinate a wide range of behaviors. Remarkably, although junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, vertebrates and invertebrates use unrelated gene families to encode these channels. The recent ide...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： White TW,Paul DL

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A precise description of the involvement of G proteins in regulation of the cardiovascular system is not possible at the present time although it is clear that they do have important regulatory roles. The cardiovascular system is composed of a variety of cell types, which are subject to control by several different ho...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Robishaw JD,Foster KA

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00