Structure and function of glutamate receptor ion channels.

abstract：:Multiple mechanisms contribute to the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors and their transmembrane signaling. Post-translational modifications of the receptors, such as phosphorylation, and changes in receptor gene expression can occur in either a strictly agonist-dependent fashion or through second messenger-med...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Collins S,Caron MG,Lefkowitz RJ

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The life of a human lung can be subdivided into five distinct phases: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar. The embryonic period, during which the lung primordium is laid down as a diverticulum of the foregut, lasts for about seven weeks. From the 5th to the 17th week the lung looks much lik...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Burri PH

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A characteristic feature of the human airway epithelium is the presence of ciliated cells bearing motile cilia, specialized cell surface projections containing axonemes composed of microtubules and dynein arms, which provide ATP-driven motility. In the airways, cilia function in concert with airway mucus to mediate th...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Tilley AE,Walters MS,Shaykhiev R,Crystal RG

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The regulation of blood glucose is a complex process involving the integration of the CNS with both hormonal and neural mechanisms. Although neuropeptide participation in the process is only partly understood at present, several conclusions are evident. First, neuropeptides are present in various portions of the auton...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Frohman LA

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Practical limitations of the patch-clamp technique when recording mechanogated membrane ion channels are considered. Mechanical overstimulation of the patch or the cell from excessive suction/pressure protocols induces morphological and functional changes. In particular, the plasma membrane becomes decoupled from the ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hamill OP,McBride DW Jr

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A precise description of the involvement of G proteins in regulation of the cardiovascular system is not possible at the present time although it is clear that they do have important regulatory roles. The cardiovascular system is composed of a variety of cell types, which are subject to control by several different ho...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Robishaw JD,Foster KA

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are building blocks for all life-forms. We review here the fundamentals of BCAA metabolism in mammalian physiology. Decades of studies have elicited a deep understanding of biochemical reactions involved in BCAA catabolism. In addition, BCAAs and various catabolic products act as sig...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Neinast M,Murashige D,Arany Z

更新日期：2019-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Nearly every cell in the kidney can volume regulate in response to a hypertonic challenge. Some are able to respond immediately to hyperosmotic media by a RVI. Other cells require stimulation prior to exposure to hyperosmolarity to demonstrate RVI. An increase of intracellular osmolytes during RVI usually occurs by an...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Montrose-Rafizadeh C,Guggino WB

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As stated earlier, the mammalian ovary maintains the continuous development of follicles, but only a few are selected to ovulate and form corpora lutea. These processes are regulated primarily by the gonadotropins and involve specific, sequential changes in the function of theca cells and granulosa cells. Data from re...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Richards JS,Hedin L

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. Spines accumulate rapidly during early postnatal development and undergo a substantial loss as animals mature into adulthood. In past decades, studies have revealed that the number and size of dendritic spines are regu...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bhatt DH,Zhang S,Gan WB

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most striking characteristics of the myenteric plexus are the heterogeneity of its neuronal populations and the complexity of its organization. Myenteric neurons greatly differ in their morphological characteristics, projection patterns, and topographical arrangement within the ganglia. The discovery of histochemi...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Sternini C

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Myocardial K+ currents function to control resting membrane potentials, the heights and durations of action potentials, and refractoriness and automaticity. They are important targets for the actions of transmitters and hormones or drugs known, or postulated, to modulate cardiac functioning. A variety of K+ currents t...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Barry DM,Nerbonne JM

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tremendous progress has been made in elucidating numerous critical aspects of estrogen signaling. New tools and techniques have enabled detailed molecular analysis of components that direct estrogen responses. At the other end of the spectrum, generation of a multiplicity of transgenic animals has allowed analysis of ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hewitt SC,Harrell JC,Korach KS

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In order to control cell functions, hormones and neurotransmitters generate an amazing diversity of Ca2+ signals such as local and global Ca2+ elevations and also Ca2+ oscillations. In pancreatic acinar cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates secretion of digestive enzyme and promotes cell growth, whereas acetylcholin...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Cancela JM

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last five years, cDNAs and genes encoding more than 20 neuroendocrine peptides have been cloned. The information gleaned from these genes has been largely structural to this point, and illustrates the great versatility of neuroendocrine genes in generating diverse sets of bioactive peptides. An ongoing cont...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Mayo KE,Evans RM,Rosenfeld GM

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Current information indicates that the mammalian kidney is a significant site of EGF synthesis, second only to the salivary gland in the rodent and probably exceeding most other tissues in the human species. The prepro EGF mRNA is localized to the cells of the TALH and the DCT. The EGF mRNA transcript in kidney is sim...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Fisher DA,Salido EC,Barajas L

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent knowledge of the renal epithelial transport systems has exploded with the identification, cloning, and characterization of a large number of membrane transport proteins. The fundamental aspects of these transporters are beginning to emerge at the molecular level and are summarized in the accompanying contri...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Warnock DG

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A thorough consideration of the evidence for striated muscle cell transmembrane nucleotide movement provides only equivocal support for adenine nucleotide specific translocation across cell membranes. It is obvious that nucleotide-derived adenosine is taken up into cells in preference to free adenosine, and it is impo...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Rovetto MJ

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized to dissipate chemical energy in the form of heat as a defense against cold and excessive feeding. Interest in the field of BAT biology has exploded in the past few years because of the therapeutic potential of BAT to counteract obesity and obesity-related diseases, including i...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kajimura S,Saito M

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the role of the venous valves in the genesis of thrombus formation in venous thromboembolic disease (VTE). Clinical VTE and the evidence for the valvular origin of venous thrombosis are reviewed. Virchow's triad is then used as a framework for discussion to approach the question posed regarding ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bovill EG,van der Vliet A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endocrine disrupting chemicals are common in our environment and act on hormone systems and signaling pathways to alter physiological homeostasis. Gestational exposure can disrupt developmental programs, permanently altering tissues with impacts lasting into adulthood. The brain is a critical target for developmental ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Nesan D,Kurrasch DM

更新日期：2020-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:A largely unilamellar epithelial layer lines body cavities and organ ducts such as the digestive tract and kidney tubules. This polarized epithelium is composed of biochemically and functionally separate apical and basolateral surfaces. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is a critical regula...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Singh B,Coffey RJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intercellular channels present in gap junctions allow cells to share small molecules and thus coordinate a wide range of behaviors. Remarkably, although junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, vertebrates and invertebrates use unrelated gene families to encode these channels. The recent ide...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： White TW,Paul DL

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most living organisms, including humans, age. Over time the ability to do physical and intellectual work deteriorates, and susceptibility to infectious, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases increases, which leads to general fitness decline and ultimately to death. Work in model organisms has demonstrated that gen...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Libert S,Guarente L

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Evidence indicates that PDGF is a major cytokine that impacts on the biology of renal cells and the pathogenesis of renal disease. The biologic effects of PDGF on cells and tissue, whether contraction, proliferation, matrix expansion, or cell migration, can result in beneficial or injurious consequences depending on t...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Abboud HE

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles to survive extremes of oxygen availability derives from a core triad of adaptations: profound metabolic suppression, tolerance of ionic and pH disturbances, and mechanisms for avoiding free-radical injury during reoxygenation. For long-term anoxic survival, enhanced stor...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bickler PE,Buck LT

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:I was pleased to receive the invitation to write this prefactory chapter. In doing so, I join a number of physiologists whose work and writings I have often admired. There are two aspects of my experience in physiology that I discuss here. The first concerns my own research accomplishments. The second is my role in de...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hunt CC

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As the immune-competent cells of the brain, microglia play an increasingly important role in maintaining normal brain function. They invade the brain early in development, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and constantly screen their environment. Microglia are activated by any type of pathologic event or cha...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Wolf SA,Boddeke HW,Kettenmann H

更新日期：2017-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents, termed If, Ih, or Iq, were initially discovered in heart and nerve cells over 20 years ago. These currents contribute to a wide range of physiological functions, including cardiac and neuronal pacemaker activity, the setting of resting potentials, input conductance and leng...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Robinson RB,Siegelbaum SA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Calcium and sodium absorption by the kidney normally proceed in parallel. However, a number of physiological, pharmacological, pathological, and genetic conditions dissociate this relation. In each instance, the dissociation can be traced to the distal convoluted tubule, where calcium and sodium transport are inversel...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Friedman PA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00