Lessons in estrogen biology from knockout and transgenic animals.

abstract：:Reabsorption of amino acids, similar to that of glucose, is a major task of the proximal kidney tubule. Various amino acids are actively transported across the luminal brush border membrane into proximal tubule epithelial cells, most of which by cotransport. An important player is the newly identified cotransporter (s...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Verrey F,Ristic Z,Romeo E,Ramadan T,Makrides V,Dave MH,Wagner CA,Camargo SM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular and functional evidence indicates that a variety of Ca(2+)-dependent chloride (Cl(Ca)) channels are involved in fluid secretion from secretory epithelial cells in different tissues and species. Most Cl(Ca) channels so far characterized have an I- permeability greater than Cl-, and most are sensitive to 4,4'-...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kidd JF,Thorn P

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An intriguing aspect of animal diversity is the wide range of maximal mass-specific metabolic rates attainable by various species. Metabolic ceilings vary with respect to whether hypermetabolic states involve relatively short bouts of burst or aerobic exercise, or long-term physical activity wherein time-averaged rate...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Suarez RK

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The phosphoinositides PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are concentrated in plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells, and excluded from endosomes, whereas PtdIns(3)P is formed in these latter intracellular membranes and is apparently excluded from the plasma membrane. The logic of this asymmetric disposition is now reveal...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Czech MP

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In order to control cell functions, hormones and neurotransmitters generate an amazing diversity of Ca2+ signals such as local and global Ca2+ elevations and also Ca2+ oscillations. In pancreatic acinar cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates secretion of digestive enzyme and promotes cell growth, whereas acetylcholin...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Cancela JM

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most striking characteristics of the myenteric plexus are the heterogeneity of its neuronal populations and the complexity of its organization. Myenteric neurons greatly differ in their morphological characteristics, projection patterns, and topographical arrangement within the ganglia. The discovery of histochemi...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Sternini C

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Walton KD,Gumucio DL

更新日期：2020-10-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Lung development differs in the embryo and fetus with regard to branching pattern and organization of the epithelial cells. The surrounding mesodermal component, the capsule, has long been known to play a role in branching. As a result of recent analyses of distribution of components of the extracellular matrix couple...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hilfer SR

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is characterized by changes in the pial and parenchymal microcirculations. SVD produces reductions in cerebral blood flow and impaired blood-brain barrier function, which are leading contributors to age-related reductions in brain health. End-organ effects are diverse, resulting in ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： De Silva TM,Faraci FM

更新日期：2020-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has resulted in scientific projections of changes in global temperatures, climate in general, and surface seawater chemistry. Although the consequences to ecosystems and communities of metazoans are only beginning to be revealed, a key to forecasting expected changes in animal communi...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hofmann GE,Todgham AE

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most living organisms, including humans, age. Over time the ability to do physical and intellectual work deteriorates, and susceptibility to infectious, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases increases, which leads to general fitness decline and ultimately to death. Work in model organisms has demonstrated that gen...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Libert S,Guarente L

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last five years, cDNAs and genes encoding more than 20 neuroendocrine peptides have been cloned. The information gleaned from these genes has been largely structural to this point, and illustrates the great versatility of neuroendocrine genes in generating diverse sets of bioactive peptides. An ongoing cont...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Mayo KE,Evans RM,Rosenfeld GM

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent knowledge of the renal epithelial transport systems has exploded with the identification, cloning, and characterization of a large number of membrane transport proteins. The fundamental aspects of these transporters are beginning to emerge at the molecular level and are summarized in the accompanying contri...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Warnock DG

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As stated earlier, the mammalian ovary maintains the continuous development of follicles, but only a few are selected to ovulate and form corpora lutea. These processes are regulated primarily by the gonadotropins and involve specific, sequential changes in the function of theca cells and granulosa cells. Data from re...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Richards JS,Hedin L

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent availability of reagents to study the IGFs, their receptors, and binding proteins has led to an explosive growth in the study of IGF physiology. However, most studies to date have been descriptive, and studies delineating mechanisms of action are limited. It is apparent that most organ systems synthesize se...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Cohick WS,Clemmons DR

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the central questions in neurobiology is how experience modifies neural function, and how changes in the nervous system permit an animal to adapt its behavior to a changing environment. Learning and adaptation to a host of different environmental stimuli exemplify processes we know must alter the nervous system...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kauer JA

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and the normal tissue environment. Three broad pathways control polar...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Murray PJ

更新日期：2017-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, we have traced the path of estradiol from its entry into the cell to the time of its release from the receptor. We feel that all of the current models are limited in one respect or another. We have examined most critically those currently most in vogue. The entry of estradiol into the cell is widely as...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Gorski J,Gannon F

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Low oxygen (O2) levels are a naturally occurring feature of embryonic development, adult physiology, and diseases such as those of the cardiovascular system. Although many responses to O2 deprivation are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), researchers are finding a growing number of HIF-independent pathways ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Simon MC,Liu L,Barnhart BC,Young RM

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has brought together a broad community of scientists interested in measuring the neural basis of the human mind. Because fMRI signals are an indirect measure of neural activity, interpreting these signals to make deductions about the nervous system requir...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Logothetis NK,Wandell BA

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A vast number of proteins are involved in synaptic function. Many have been cloned and their functional role defined with varying degrees of success, but their number and complexity currently defy any molecular understanding of the physiology of synapses. A beacon of success in this medieval era of synaptic biology is...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Mayer ML,Armstrong N

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The serum/glucocorticoid-induced kinase Sgk1 plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion transport. This kinase is very rapidly regulated at the transcriptional level as well as via posttranslational modifications involving phosphorylation by the MAP or PI-3 kinase pathways and/or ubiquitylation. Altho...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Loffing J,Flores SY,Staub O

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1 degrees C colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Fletcher GL,Hew CL,Davies PL

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nearly every cell in the kidney can volume regulate in response to a hypertonic challenge. Some are able to respond immediately to hyperosmotic media by a RVI. Other cells require stimulation prior to exposure to hyperosmolarity to demonstrate RVI. An increase of intracellular osmolytes during RVI usually occurs by an...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Montrose-Rafizadeh C,Guggino WB

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide has imparted renewed impetus to the study of the mechanisms of appetite regulation. Digestion and nutrient absorption take place in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, whereas food intake is controlled by neuronal circuits in the central nervous system. The need for gut-brai...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Chaudhri OB,Salem V,Murphy KG,Bloom SR

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is apparent that proton transport plays an important role in many essential hepatocyte functions. Important unanswered issues include the location of the H+-ATPase and its role in hepatic functions, the regulators of Na+-H+ exchange, the exact role of Na+-H+ exchange in bile formation and in hepatic regeneration, a...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Scharschmidt BF,Van Dyke RW

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Practical limitations of the patch-clamp technique when recording mechanogated membrane ion channels are considered. Mechanical overstimulation of the patch or the cell from excessive suction/pressure protocols induces morphological and functional changes. In particular, the plasma membrane becomes decoupled from the ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hamill OP,McBride DW Jr

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The glycolytic enzyme glucokinase plays a key role in glucose sensing by the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells, and mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme are a common cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus characterized by autosomal-dominant i...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bell GI,Pilkis SJ,Weber IT,Polonsky KS

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite continuous interest in cardiac hypertrophy, our knowledge of its molecular aspects is still elementary. Recently, however, several advancements of particular interest have been made: (a) Nuclei of muscle and nonmuscle cells have been separated, allowing for the first time the study of nuclear activity in speci...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Zak R,Rabinowitz M

更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are nuclear receptors that function as intracellular sensors for sterols and bile acids, respectively. In response to their ligands, these receptors induce transcriptional responses that maintain a balanced, finely tuned regulation of cholesterol and bile acid me...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kalaany NY,Mangelsdorf DJ

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00