Abstract:
:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by abnormal hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and hepatocyte dysfunction. Importantly, it is also closely linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD predisposes susceptible individuals to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cardiovascular disease. Although the precise signals remain poorly understood, NAFLD pathogenesis likely involves actions of the different hepatic cell types and multiple extrahepatic signals. The complexity of this disease has been a major impediment to the development of appropriate metrics of its progression and effective therapies. Recent clinical data place increasing importance on identifying fibrosis, as it is a strong indicator of hepatic disease-related mortality. Preclinical modeling of the fibrotic process remains challenging, particularly in the contexts of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Future studies are needed to define the molecular pathways determining the natural progression of NAFLD, including key determinants of fibrosis and disease-related outcomes. This review covers the evolving concepts of NAFLD from both human and animal studies. We discuss recent clinical and diagnostic methods assessing NAFLD diagnosis, progression, and outcomes; compare the features of genetic and dietary animal models of NAFLD; and highlight pharmacological approaches for disease treatment.
journal_name
Annu Rev Physioljournal_title
Annual review of physiologyauthors
Haas JT,Francque S,Staels Bdoi
10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105331subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-01-01 00:00:00pages
181-205eissn
0066-4278issn
1545-1585journal_volume
78pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::As the immune-competent cells of the brain, microglia play an increasingly important role in maintaining normal brain function. They invade the brain early in development, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and constantly screen their environment. Microglia are activated by any type of pathologic event or cha...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135900
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.001501
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.385
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.55.030193.001023
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::I was pleased to receive the invitation to write this prefactory chapter. In doing so, I join a number of physiologists whose work and writings I have often admired. There are two aspects of my experience in physiology that I discuss here. The first concerns my own research accomplishments. The second is my role in de...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
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更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calcium and sodium absorption by the kidney normally proceed in parallel. However, a number of physiological, pharmacological, pathological, and genetic conditions dissociate this relation. In each instance, the dissociation can be traced to the distal convoluted tubule, where calcium and sodium transport are inversel...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has brought together a broad community of scientists interested in measuring the neural basis of the human mind. Because fMRI signals are an indirect measure of neural activity, interpreting these signals to make deductions about the nervous system requir...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The molecular architectures of SMP and SRP differ, yet the functional analogies between CAM-associated SMP and SRP are numerous. Most of the divergences observed may have their root in different behavior during dephosphorylation (see Table 1). ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
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journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.49.030187.000441
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In addition to the well established action of PTH in proximal tubules and of AVP in collecting tubules, polypeptide hormones were recently shown to regulate transport properties in other tubular portions. Although still scarce, such physiological studies using isolated perfused tubules demonstrated hormonal effects in...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.43.030181.003033
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nearly every cell in the kidney can volume regulate in response to a hypertonic challenge. Some are able to respond immediately to hyperosmotic media by a RVI. Other cells require stimulation prior to exposure to hyperosmolarity to demonstrate RVI. An increase of intracellular osmolytes during RVI usually occurs by an...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.52.030190.003553
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00