Abstract:
:Shooting incidents are often portrayed as resulting in a sometimes violent backwards displacement of the victim. This opinion is also not infrequently held by expert witnesses. The physical force responsible for this would be momentum (mass x velocity). The physics of momentum in ballistic injury is explained in detail. The maximum momentum transferred from different small arms projectiles including large calibre rifles and a 12-gauge shotgun only results in a backwards motion of a 80 kg target body of 0.01-0.18 m/s, which is negligible compared to the velocity of a pedestrian (1-2 m/s). Furthermore, counterbalance is constantly maintained by neurophysiological reflexes. So the effect of the momentum transferred from the missile is virtually zero and there is no backwards motion of the person shot. Empirical evidence verifying these calculations can be obtained from hunting big game, from human gunshot victims and from a video documentary demonstrating the lack of any backwards motion of a person wearing body armour after hits from a centre fire rifle. So the alleged backwards hurling of a person shot is nothing but a myth which should be refuted not only because it is incorrect but also because it can result in miscarriages of justice.
journal_name
Int J Legal Medjournal_title
International journal of legal medicineauthors
Karger B,Kneubuehl BPdoi
10.1007/BF01369676subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-01-01 00:00:00pages
147-9issue
3eissn
0937-9827issn
1437-1596journal_volume
109pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Speckle interferometry is a non-destructive measurement technique using a laser. The principles of the method are described. Human hyoid bones (n = 10) were investigated. Loads were applied to individual points on the anterior surface of the body of hyoid bones. All hyoid bones showed an asymmetric displacement. The d...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01225233
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A single-tube multiplex assay of a small set of ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) for effectively estimating individual ancestry and admixture is an ideal forensic tool to trace the population origin of an unknown DNA sample. We present a newly developed 27-plex single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel with highly...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1183-5
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 12-year-old boy with no previous serious medical history experienced abdominal discomfort and chest pains for 5 days and suddenly died. The autopsy revealed diffuse and extensive infiltration of eosinophils into the myocardium, with poorly formed granulomas and few fibrotic changes. The necrotic changes was so exten...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01369797
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An obese man (height, 178 cm; weight, 160 kg; body mass index, 50.5 kg/m2) with a history of recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT), cardiomyopathy, coronary sclerosis, and insulin-resistant diabetes suffered a right femur fracture in a vehicular accident. His fracture was repaired the following day, but shortly after...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1392-6
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 5 tetranucleotide short tandem repeats, HUMTH01, HUMVWA31/A, HUMF13A1, HUMFES/FPS and HUMLPL were studied using different electrophoretic methods and PCR amplification conditions in order to optimize the typing conditions. A genetic population study in the population of Galicia was carried out and the allele and g...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01246874
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The histological staining technique using rhodizonate is also effective for the determination of the firing distance by examining the distribution and intensity of the staining reaction. The differentiation between absolute close-range shots and long-range shots is generally possible without any doubt. The method is n...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004140100220
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper describes the general design and main results of the Italian proficiency testing program for the analysis of psychoactive substances in urine, a long-term initiative created in 1995 on an educational basis and characterized by an innovative internet-based service for data exchange between laboratories and t...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004140050279
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated 12 X-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms in 283 unrelated Malay individuals (160 males and 123 females) living in and around Kuala Lumpur using the Investigator Argus X-12 kit. Heterozygosity among the present 12 X-STRs showed a distribution of from 55.3 to 93.5 %. The diversity values ...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0705-7
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The forensic application of mtDNA typing requires large databases which are regionally well defined. To further this aim, we have typed mtDNA in a sample of 111 French and 106 Sicilians. The French were typed for both hypervariable segments (HVR1 and HVR2) of the mtDNA control region, whereas the Sicilians were only t...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004140000169
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We performed a population study on 15 polymorphic STR loci (FH2010, FH2079, PEZ2, VWF.X, FH2054, FH2087Ub, FH2611, WILMS-TF, PEZ12, PEZ15, PEZ6, FH2087Ua, ZUBECA4, ZUBECA6, FH2132) on 131 randomly selected dogs. Alleles were identified and grouped according to their estimated fragment length using fixed allelic bins e...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0452-5
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::An 89-year-old woman was found dead lying in her bed. Autopsy demonstrated a pronounced thickening of all coronary arteries except for the first 2-4 cm. Death was due to a recent myocardial infarction. Microscopically, the coronary arteries showed a substantial concentric thickening of all three layers with 90% narrow...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0090-1
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we assessed 30 insertion-deletion polymorphisms (Indels) (Investigator DIPplex® kit) in four Chinese populations (n = 952) and evaluated their usefulness in forensic genetic applications. After the Bonferroni correction at a 95 % significance level (p = 0.0017), there were no deviations from the Hardy-W...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1091-0
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::When blood reaches an extracorporeal surface, a drying process is initiated. Properties of this drying process may be crucial for the correct assessment of case-specific time lapses, however, there is a lack of systematic studies concerning the drying times of blood. We present a study on drying properties of small bl...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0734-2
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study demonstrates post-mortem autolytic alterations in the skin at cellular and subcellular levels and identifies parameters which may assist in determining the time of death in the first few hours post-mortem. Serial skin samples from the ventral surface of the arm were taken at intervals of 3, 6, 9 and 12 h af...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01225600
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Volatile substances are used widespread, especially among young people, as a cheap and easily accessible drug. Tetrachloroethylene is one of the solvents exerting effects on the central nervous system with experiences of disinhibition and euphoria. The case presented is that of a 27-year-old female, found dead by her ...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1143-0
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Determining the time of injury is an important but still a challenging task in forensic anthropology. In literature, many descriptions can be found to make a distinction between perimortem and postmortem fractures. Characteristics that are more related to fractures in fresh conditions, however, are not extensively inv...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1514-1
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The accuracy of forensic age estimation based on the chronology of second (M2) and third molar (M3) development was investigated using 2,087 orthopantomograms of Korean men and women aged between 3 and 23 years. The developmental stages of M2s and M3s in these subjects were classified using the criteria of Demirjian. ...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0513-x
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A system of nomenclature is proposed for the complex STR system ACTBP2 (SE33) in order to facilitate data exchange between laboratories. The nomenclature conforms to the ISFH recommendations as far as it is possible for such complex systems. A blind trial was carried out between up to 20 laboratories to ascertain the ...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004140050124
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complex and induces various biological pathways in all brain regions that contribute to bad outcomes. The cerebellar hypoxia after a frontal cortex injury may potentiate the pathophysiological impacts of TBI. Therefore, a gene expression analysis was conducted to ...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1129-3
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The unique case of a 50-year-old known alcoholic whose corpse was exhumed 27 years after death is reported. The man apparently committed suicide by hanging, but many years later the case was questioned and homicide-linked to a long-lasting serial killer case-was suspected. Thus, the corpse was exhumed, and at the auto...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0273-z
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Short tandem repeats (STRs) are DNA regions with a variable number of repeated units (2-6 bp) and attractive to genetic application like forensic, population genetics, and anthropological studies. The Huaxia Platinum System allows the multiplex amplification of 23 autosomal STR loci and two gender determination loci. ...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-017-1679-2
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The estimation of the minimum postmortem interval can be implemented by age estimation of corpse-associated primary colonizers such as the blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). In cases where pupae represent the oldest stages found on a body, their age must be added to the duration of prepupal development to estimate t...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-013-0922-8
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have sequenced the entire mtDNA genome (mtGenome) of 241 individuals who match 1 of 18 common European Caucasian HV1/HV2 types, to identify sites that permit additional forensic discrimination. We found that over the entire mtGenome even individuals with the same HV1/HV2 type rarely match. Restricting attention to ...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0427-6
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to increase the validity of age estimation in adolescents and young adults when there is no legitimation for X-ray examinations, it seems desirable to be able to assess the mineralization of third molars using X-ray-free imaging procedures. In the present study, the mineralization stages of lower third molars...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1238-7
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 49-year-old white male was found lying unconscious at home. He had vomited, his mouth was filled with a white foam and a pungent odour filled the room. After emergency treatment blood, urine and stomach contents were screened for drugs after acid and alkaline extraction with subsequent derivatisation and GC-MS analy...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004140050080
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::STR-based individualisation of biological deposits on bullets after perforation of tissue, can identify the person injured or killed by a particular bullet and comparison with the firearms used can identify the weapon and thus possibly the person who did the shooting. In this study, the effect of subsequent impacts on...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004140000203
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Blunt force is a frequently used type of violence especially because it can be performed with basically every object of our daily lives or with bare hands or feet. The injuries and medical consequences have been widely examined, whereas the forces and especially the energies acting on impact have rarely been analyzed....
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-017-1689-0
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sudden infant death syndrome is the unexpected demise of a child younger than 1 year of age which remains unexplained after a complete autopsy investigation. Usually, it occurs during sleep, in males, and during the first 12 weeks of life. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying the death is unknown, and the letha...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1330-7
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::When preparing forensic age estimates for living subjects over 18 years of age, it is crucial to evaluate the stage of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis. The establishment of radiation-free imaging techniques for assessment of clavicular ossification would be desirable in order to reduce the radiation ex...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0220-4
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Myocardial pathology and cardiac functional abnormalities known to occur in association with chronic alcohol abuse have been attributed to a direct toxic effect of ethanol on the intra-myocardial vasculature: alcohol-induced occlusion of small arteries with consequent secondary ischaemia leads to individual myocyte lo...
journal_title:International journal of legal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01225513
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00