Abstract：
:The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents many drugs from entering the brain. Yet, conventional methods that open the BBB are technically demanding, poorly reversible, and can be associated with long-term adverse effects. In comparison, carbogen, which is introduced nearly a century ago as a treatment for psychiatric disorders, is easy to administer and readily available to many labs and hospitals. Here, we show that carbogen inhalation opened the BBB in rats, as indicated by the extravasation of an intravenous protein tracer. When the tracer was injected immediately or hours after carbogen inhalation, less tracer was detected in the rat brains, suggesting at least partial reversibility of this response after carbogen exhalation. Despite marked increase in BBB permeability, inhalation of carbogen for 30-90 min had no acute effect on the level of neuroinflammation or apoptosis in the brain, and had no long-term effect on body weight, food intake, locomotor activity, or learning and memory performance. Our study demonstrated that carbogen inhalation is a safe method to open the BBB.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Liao KH,Wei VC,Wang HL,Chen HY,Lai TWdoi
10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146320subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-10-01 00:00:00pages
146320eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
S0006-8993(19)30366-Xjournal_volume
1720pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract：:The projection from the vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei to the spinal trigeminal and lateral reticular nuclei has been studied in cats where the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex has been used as a retrograde tracer. All injections were made at the level of the caudal pole of the inferior oliv...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(85)90131-3
更新日期：1985-04-29 00:00:00
abstract：:(1) Changes during development in the levels of proteinases and peptidases were measured in brain homogenates. At all ages di- and tripeptidase levels were 7-15-fold higher than proteinase activity. (2) Cathepsin A and D and neutral proteinase activity first decreased (during the 5 days before birth) and then increase...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(75)90705-2
更新日期：1975-03-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Developmental alcohol exposure can permanently alter brain structures and produce functional impairments in many aspects of behavior, including learning and memory. This study evaluates the effect of neonatal alcohol exposure on adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the implications of such ex...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.027
更新日期：2011-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:This study tested the hypothesis that the short-latency excitation of the phrenic motor output elicited by superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) stimulation requires non-NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the region of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) of the adult cat. Injection of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(95)00355-t
更新日期：1995-06-05 00:00:00
abstract：:mRNA prepared from rat small intestine was injected into Xenopus oocytes. The injected oocytes showed a clear electrical response to D-glucose (Glu) in the form of membrane depolarization and conductance increase, while none was shown to D-fructose. The membrane electrical response of the injected oocytes evoked by Gl...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0169-328x(87)90033-7
更新日期：1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Double immunocytochemistry using peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold was performed to determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive neurons receive synaptic inputs from catecholaminergic axon terminals in the rat neostriatum. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons were found to be in synaptic conta...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(88)90484-2
更新日期：1988-08-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Somatostatin receptors have been identified in different brain areas but the characterization of their postreceptor effect is still lacking. In this study we analyze the somatostatin effect on adenylate cyclase activity in different brain regions, namely frontal cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Somatost...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(89)90889-5
更新日期：1989-07-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Picture-word interference is a widely employed paradigm to investigate lexical access in word production: Speakers name pictures while trying to ignore superimposed distractor words. The distractor can be congruent to the picture (pictured cat, word cat), categorically related (pictured cat, word dog), or unrelated (p...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.050
更新日期：2012-04-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling plays ubiquitous roles in inflammation, immune response and neurogenesis. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) can protect neurons from degeneration. GRK5 also mediates tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced NFκB signaling through the phosphorylation of IκBα. Here, we show that...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.041
更新日期：2015-05-22 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison was made of the effects of left and right cerebral decortication on cytotoxic activity of natural killer and natural cytotoxic lymphocytes in the mouse. Natural killer cytotoxic activity was significantly reduced after right decortication, whereas left decortication led to a less pronounced, though still ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)90704-f
更新日期：1990-08-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Mice which carry both the shiverer (shi) and the jimpy (jp) mutations have a morphological phenotype with features of each single mutation by itself but in milder form: the number of myelin sheaths is increased relative to jp, the thickness of sheaths and amount of major dense line is increased relative to shi, and th...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(86)90394-x
更新日期：1986-05-21 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examines the preventive and therapeutic effects of curcumin on brain edema after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a sham group (SH), a hypoxic-ischemic group (HI) without drug treatment, a hypoxic-ischemic group (CU) with curcumin i...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.055
更新日期：2012-09-26 00:00:00
abstract：:The subpallial region of the avian telencephalon contains neural systems whose functions are critical to the survival of individual vertebrates and their species. The subpallial neural structures can be grouped into five major functional systems, namely the dorsal somatomotor basal ganglia; ventral viscerolimbic basal...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.037
更新日期：2011-11-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Treatment of rat brain sections and of thalamic and striatal membranes with phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PIPLC), an enzyme known to hydrolyse only phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives, significantly alters the specific binding of mu- and delta-opioid ligands on their receptors. These results suggest that ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)90391-n
更新日期：1990-12-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of acute opiate receptor stimulation on regional cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow were examined in 9 regions of the artificially respired, alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cat. Regional cerebral arterial and venous oxygen saturation were examined microspectrophotometrically and regional cerebral blo...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(84)91262-9
更新日期：1984-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：:We have developed a RNA-RNA solution hybridization assay to quantitate the mRNA coding for prodynorphin precursor. This assay is extremely sensitive and highly specific. Using this assay we have measured the prodynorphin mRNA in various brain regions and reproductive tissues of rat. When we compared the distribution o...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(87)80011-2
更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The contribution of glutamatergic transmission to generation of initial convulsive seizures (CS) is debated. We tested whether pretreatment with a glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (MSO), affects the onset and progression of initial CS by cholinergic stimulus in juvenile rats. Male rats (24 d...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147253
更新日期：2021-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Brainstem noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A6, and A7 catecholamine cell groups provide the entire noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord. We have previously demonstrated that noradrenergic neurons in the A6 and A7 cell groups innervate the ventral and dorsal horns, respectively. Since the specific spina...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(93)90210-e
更新日期：1993-07-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypothalamus and frontal cortex beta-adrenergic receptors, as measured by [125I]cyanopindolol binding, were investigated in male rats both after 4 days of acute starvation and after 2 weeks of semistarvation with dietary manipulation. Moreover, to test whether lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptors can be used as a ma...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(88)91519-3
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:alpha-Bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTX) binds in a saturable and practically irreversible fashion to membrane-associated receptors in the ciliary ganglion of the adult chick. The binding of toxin to receptors is competitively inhibited by nicotinic cholinergic ligands, and for these properties the receptors are regarded as ac...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(78)91130-7
更新日期：1978-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Ouabain (5 X 10(-4) M) induced a 6-fold increase in intracellular Na+ and a 65% loss of cellular K+ in C6 glial cells which was accompanied by a 12 mV decrease in the resting membrane potential. Following ouabain washout intracellular ion concentrations and the membrane potential returned to control levels suggesting...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(76)90649-1
更新日期：1976-03-05 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Empathizing is a specific component of social cognition. Empathizing is also specifically impaired in autism spectrum condition (ASC). These are two dimensions, measurable using the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). ASC also involves strong systemizing, a dimension measured using t...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.012
更新日期：2006-03-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibody microprobes were used to study the release of immunoreactive neurokinin A into the spinal cord of anaesthetised cats during and following injection of a knee joint with kaolin and carrageenan. A basal level of immunoreactive neurokinin A was detected prior to any noxious stimuli. Innocuous mechanical joint st...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)91352-h
更新日期：1990-11-19 00:00:00
abstract：:There is evidence that heme oxygenase plays a role in cellular defense against reactive oxygen species and thereby has neuroprotective effects. We examined the interaction of Neotrofin, a cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective drug, with the heme oxygenase system. In adult rats, both a single administration or seven ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03670-3
更新日期：2003-02-07 00:00:00
abstract：:The blood-brain interface in elasmobranchs was examined using physiological and anatomical techniques. Electrolyte analyses of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in control fish and in fish with elevated plasma cation concentration (Ca, Mg or K) demonstrated homeostasis of CSF calcium and magnesium concentrations in...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(81)91083-0
更新日期：1981-12-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Administration of methamphetamine (15 mg/kg) to adrenalectomized rats significantly decreased hippocampal type I and II corticosteroid receptors as well as type II receptors in the striatum. Type II receptors in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus were unaffected by methamphetamine administration. Pretreatment with MK...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)91362-k
更新日期：1990-11-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Evidence is presented which suggests that central neural changes occur during the brief early phase after subcutaneous formalin injection that are essential for the expression of pain during the long-lasting (tonic) later phase. First, tonic pain responses to subcutaneous formalin injections are abolished only if the ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)91835-5
更新日期：1990-12-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution of creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme in the human central nervous system (CNS) was investigated immunohistochemically and the findings were compared with the distributions of tubulin and astroprotein. Creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme existed both in neurons and astrocytes, and was universally distributed withi...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(83)91338-0
更新日期：1983-04-11 00:00:00
abstract：:The molecular mechanisms regulating the retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor (NGF) are currently unknown. This study identifies some of the signalling events involved. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor wortmannin (1 nmol/eye) irreversibly inhibits the amount of 125I-betaNGF retrogradel...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00396-5
更新日期：1998-07-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Intermediate filament aggregation within motor neurons is a hallmark of ALS pathogenesis. Changes to intermediate filament stoichiometry due to altered mRNA steady-state levels of NEFL, PRPH and INA is thought to drive protein aggregation, yet the exact cause of these changes is unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)-master regu...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.032
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
