Abstract:
:Kinetic interactions among chemicals present in a mixture can influence the relationship between administered and delivered or effective dose; these interactions are distinct from dynamic interactions such as, for example, competition between two chemicals for receptor binding sites. The relationship between administered and effective dose depends on a number of biochemical, physiological, and physical factors such as age, sex, level of physical activity, route of administration, dose pattern, and bioavailability. In addition, interactions among chemicals may limit or increase the effective dose relative to the administered dose for any of the chemicals of a mixture. If the mechanism of the interaction is known, the direction and general magnitude of its effects may be predictable. A variety of potential interactions is briefly reviewed, and selected illustrations of these interactions are given. Two types of interactions likely to be pervasive in mixtures of chemically related bioactive materials are considered in greater detail. These interactions are induction of metabolizing enzymes such as the mixed-function oxidases, and competition of structurally similar chemicals for active sites on metabolizing enzymes. Simulations are presented to illustrate the consequences of these interactions, and examples of their occurrence are given.
journal_name
Toxicol Ind Healthjournal_title
Toxicology and industrial healthauthors
O'Flaherty EJdoi
10.1177/074823378900500507subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-10-01 00:00:00pages
667-80issue
5eissn
0748-2337issn
1477-0393journal_volume
5pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Mercury has been used in many domains of human activities for many years, although in any form mercury is reported to be toxic. On the other hand, lichens have been used in the treatment of several diseases such as tuberculosis, hemorrhoids, ulcer, dysentery and cancer. Animal investigations on some common lichen spec...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233711404036
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pesticides are omnipresent in environment, water, fruits, and vegetables and are considered as risk factors for human health. Consumers are mainly exposed to pesticides through diet, and the main question to be answered concerns the impact of such exposure on health. In this study, we developed a mouse model to mimic ...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233714548207
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to analyze the biochemical alterations in the gills of Venus verrucosa under exposure for 6 days to three doses of lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-cyh) (100, 250, and 500 µg L-1). Malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxide, and hydrogen peroxide levels in the gills of treated groups increased. λ-Cyh exposure...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233720961219
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The antioxidant power of the so-called antioxidants is negligible because their rate constants and concentrations are too small to compete with the specialized defense enzymes, like superoxide dismutase (SOD), for the reactive oxygen species. In this short review, we present a number of experimental data of our group,...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/0748233709103029
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rabbit eye irritation test based on the Draize method is required for the hazard assessment of chemicals and products that may come into contact with the eye. Due to the potential for the suffering of animals and subjectivity of the test, many modifications of the method have been made that involved a reduction in...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/074823379300900602
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies from the University of Arizona indicate that normal subjects, both college students and the elderly, can register the presence of low-intensity odors in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the absence of conscious awareness of the odors. The experimental paradigm involves subjects sniffing pairs of bottle...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are complex formulations designed for effective lubricating, cooling, and cleaning tools and parts during machining operations. Adverse health effects such as respiratory symptoms, dermatitis, and cancer have been reported in workers exposed to MWFs. Several constituents of MWFs have been im...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233716653912
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diazinon (DZN) is one of the most widely used insecticides in agricultural pest control. Previous studies have shown that DZN may induce hepatotoxicity. Reactive oxygen species and apoptosis pathways are involved in the toxicity of DZN. Crocin, a constituent of saffron, has hepatoprotective effects due to its antioxid...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233713475519
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paraphenylene diamine (PPD) hair dye poisoning is a common health problem in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent. It is the most common cause of suicide intent especially among females. We hereby present a 27-year-old female who presented with a clinical feature of PPD poisoning due to a suicidal attempt, and she ...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233712448118
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and heavy metals (HMs) are two main types of pollutants in electronic waste recycling sites, which are also ubiquitously detectable in environmental media and human tissues. However, the adverse health effects of exposure to the mixture of these types of pollutants are unknown. In th...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233718779478
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The main objective of this study is to calculate the hours of diving in benzene-polluted waters acceptable for professional divers. We considered recommended absorption limit as that from pulmonary workplace absorption during an 8-h workday at recommended exposure limits set by the National Institute of Occupational S...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233708098126
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elaeagnus angustifolia was analyzed for determination of metals, phytoconstituents, bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal effects and to explore its chemical and biological potential. The root, branches, leaves, stem bark and root bark parts of E. angustifolia were found to contain iron, lead, copper, cadmium, zin...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233713498459
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The distribution of [14C]-malathion, an organophosphorus pesticide, in rats after intravenous, oral and dermal administration was carried out using electronic autoradiography of whole body sections of treated animals. The study indicated that a major difference in the disposition of [14C]-malathion occurred following ...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/074823379701300605
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to characterize the ultrastructural changes in the muscles of 2- and 6-month-old rats that were injected with 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate (6-MP) at 2 mg base/kg sc daily from 2 to 22 days of age. The earliest, usually subsarcolemmal alterations, were disorganization of fibrils at the Z-b...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/074823378600200205
更新日期:1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite large-scale anti-smoking campaigns throughout the world, the number of smokers remains high and cigarette smoking continues to represent a life-threatening health risk. Until a smoke-free society is achieved, reduction of cigarette smoke toxins may reduce the health burden. Current cigarette filter techniques ...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1191/0748233702th145oa
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4; CAS No. 556-67-2) is used as a monomer in the manufacture of polymeric materials, which are widely used in various industrial and/or medical applications, such as breast implants. D4 has a relatively low order of toxicity following acute administration via the oral, dermal, and inhala...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233716670061
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methiocarb (MC) is a widely used carbamate pesticide in agriculture and health programs. Although the main molecular mechanism of carbamate toxicity involves acetylcholinesterase inhibition, studies have also implicated the induction of oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233712446719
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to investigate the different testicular toxicity and the role of apoptosis in the possible mechanism induced by the two isomers of bromopropanes (BPs) in the same dosage. Following the 14-day treatment with a single dose of 1-BP and 2-BP (1 g/kg), male rats were killed and a series of experim...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233710373083
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Copper (Cu) in trace amounts is essential for biological organisms. However, dysregulation of the redox-active metal has been implicated in different neurological disorders such as Wilson's, Menkes', Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. Since many households use Cu tubing in the plumbing system, and corrosion causes...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233713491805
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arsenic is an ubiquitous and well-documented carcinogenic metalloid. The most common source of arsenic is drinking water. The mechanism of arsenic toxicity in a cell has historically been centered around its inhibitory effects on cellular respiration and mitochondrial injury. Ascorbic acid, a low molecular weight, wat...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233710365694
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the study is to assess whether occupational exposure to urban stressors could cause alterations in urinary metanephrines levels in traffic policemen vs administrative staff of municipal police. A total of 258 subjects were included in the study: 129 traffic policemen exposed to urban stressors (68 males and...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233710387008
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two prospective, longitudinal studies-one in North Carolina and one in Michigan-have examined effects of prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure on behavioral and cognitive development in infants and children. The Michigan cohort was selected to overrepresent the offspring of women who had eaten relatively la...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/074823379601200315
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report two cases of formaldehyde-containing hair straighteners causing new onset asthma. Formaldehyde has been reported to cause asthma in other settings. The purpose of this article is to examine two cases of asthma in hairdressers exposed to hair smoothing products and to review the relevant literature on formald...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233717750982
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adult female Swiss Webster and B6C3F1 mice received distilled water only or water containing 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 or 1000 ppb of aldicarb daily for 34 days. The target concentration of aldicarb present in the 10 ppb dosing solution was analytically verified on a daily basis as was its stability over a 48-hr period. To de...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/074823378800400310
更新日期:1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Widespread use of mobile phones which are a major source of electromagnetic fields might affect living organisms. However, there has been no investigation concerning prenatal exposure to electromagnetic fields or their roles in the development of the pyramidal cells of the cornu ammonis in postnatal life. Two groups o...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233709106442
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report reviews the literature on the impact of exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) on human health. Special emphasis is given to the health effects reported in excess of national norms by participants in the TCE Subregistry of the Volatile Organic Compounds Registry of the National Exposure Registries--persons wi...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1177/074823379501100301
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electrical and electronic waste (E-waste) has now become the fastest growing solid waste around the world. Primitive recycling operations for E-waste have resulted in severe contamination of toxic metals and organic chemicals in the related areas. In this study, six dust and soil samples collected from E-waste recycli...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233711399313
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the last few decades the need for new approaches to assess DNA damage has been increasing due to the implications that different insults on genetic material may have on human health. In this context, the identification of how chemical agents with different mechanisms of action (i.e., antineoplastic drugs) damage DN...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1191/0748233705th224oa
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Printing workers experience a high rate of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study aims to determine the prevalence of MSDs, estimate serum biomarkers denoting musculoskeletal tissue changes, and determine some individual risk factors for MSDs among Egyptian printing workers. METHODS:Eighty-five male pr...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/0748233720977399
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic exposure to jet fuel has been shown to have adverse effects on human liver function, to cause emotional dysfunction, to cause abnormal electroencephalograms, to cause shortened attention spans, and to decrease sensorimotor speed. Due to the decision by the United States Air Force to implement the widespread us...
journal_title:Toxicology and industrial health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/074823379701300501
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00