Abstract:
:Multidrug resistance represents a major obstacle in the successful therapy of neoplastic diseases. Studies have demonstrated that this form of drug resistance occurs in cultured tumor cell lines as well as in human cancers. P-glycoprotein appears to play an important role in such cells by acting as an energy-dependent efflux pump to remove various natural-product drugs from the cell before they have a chance to exert their cytotoxic effects. Using the tools of molecular biology, studies are beginning to reveal the true incidence of multidrug resistance, as mediated by the MDR1 gene, in the clinical setting. It has been demonstrated, at least in the laboratory, that resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein may be modulated by a wide variety of compounds, including verapamil and cyclosporine A. These are compounds which, by themselves, generally have little or no effect on the tumor cells, but when used in conjunction with antineoplastic agents act to decrease, and in some instances eliminate, drug resistance. The mechanism(s) by which these agents act to reverse resistance is not fully understood. Clinical trials to modulate P-glycoprotein activity are now under way to determine whether such strategies will be feasible. The detection of the P-glycoprotein in patient samples is very important in the design of these studies, as it appears that drug-resistant cells lacking P-glycoprotein will be unaffected by agents such as verapamil. Clinical studies are needed in which patients are stratified into chemotherapy protocols based on levels of MDR1 mRNA or P-glycoprotein expression in the primary tumors. Several research areas have been identified that are important to the transfer of the discovery of the MDR1 gene and its protein product from the research laboratory to the clinical environment. There is an immediate need for comprehensive information on the prevalence and levels of expression of the human MDR genes and their protein products in human organs and tissues. Data are needed on P-glycoprotein levels in specific subpopulations (e.g., according to age, sex, race, and diet), and the study of the heterogeneity and variability of expression of P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues should be given high priority. Since early studies have indicated some successes in identifying patients with classic multidrug resistance who might be responsive to chemosensitization, it can be anticipated that clinical research will accelerate in this area. The next wave of clinical studies will provide clinical investigators with opportunities to develop and evaluate P-glycoprotein tests and correlate test results with clinical outcomes.
journal_name
Adv Clin Chemjournal_title
Advances in clinical chemistryauthors
Bellamy WT,Dalton WSdoi
10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60332-7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-01-01 00:00:00pages
1-61eissn
0065-2423issn
2162-9471journal_volume
31pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Glutathione (GSH), often referred to as "the master antioxidant," participates not only in antioxidant defense systems, but many metabolic processes, and therefore its role cannot be overstated. GSH deficiency causes cellular risk for oxidative damage and thus as expected, GSH imbalance is observed in a wide range of ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2018.07.004
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress is characterized by imbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. Two main antioxidant systems exist. The nonenzymatic system relies on molecules to directly quench ROS and the enzymatic system is composed of specific enzymes that detoxify ROS. Among the latter, the sup...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2014.11.001
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aromatase is a specific component of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system that is responsible for the transformation of C19 androgen precursors into C18 estrogenic compounds. This enzyme is encoded by the CYP19A1 gene located at chromosome 15q21.2, that is expressed in ovary and testis not only but also in many extraglan...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387025-4.00006-6
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microfluidics is an emerging field in diagnostics that allows for extremely precise fluid control and manipulation, enabling rapid and high-throughput sample processing in integrated micro-scale medical systems. These platforms are well-suited for both standard clinical settings and point-of-care applications. The uni...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.08.001
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The application of simple, cost-effective, rapid, and accurate diagnostic technologies for detection and identification of cardiac and cancer biomarkers has been a central point in the clinical area. Biosensors have been recognized as efficient alternatives for the diagnostics of various diseases due to their specific...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.10.004
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently circularized RNA moieties that despite being relatively abundant were only recently identified and have only begun to be investigated within the last couple of years. Even though there are many thousands of genes that appear capable of producing circRNAs, and the fact that many ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.008
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the discovery of group-specific component and its polymorphism by Hirschfeld in 1959, research has put spotlight on this multifunctional transport protein (vitamin D binding protein, DBP). Besides the transport of vitamin D metabolites, DBP is a plasma glycoprotein with many important functions, including seques...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800094-6.00001-7
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The abnormal breakdown of circulating red blood cells (RBCs), also known as hemolysis, is a significant clinical issue that can present as a primary disorder or arise secondary to another disease process. The evaluation for pathologic hemolysis (and the establishment of a hemolytic disorder) is heavily dependent on as...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2018.12.006
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aggressive behavior exerts an enormous impact on society remaining among the main causes of worldwide premature death. Effective primary interventions, relying on predictive models of aggression that show adequate sensitivity and specificity are currently lacking. One strategy to increase the accuracy and precision of...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.004
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the measures to improve quality in the clinical laboratory have been enormous in the past years, not least of all due to the introduction of the ISO standards 15189 and 17025, the handling of validation and verification of method performance often still differs widely from laboratory to laboratory. Much of wh...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.01.006
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During winter hibernation, small mammals fall into long periods of deep cold torpor where metabolic rate is suppressed by > 90% and core body temperature can fall to near 0 degrees C. Studies with hibernators illustrate the molecular regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the suppression of metabolic functions during t...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deregulated DNA replication occurs in cancer where it contributes to genomic instability. This process is a target of cytotoxic therapies. Chemotherapies exploit high DNA replication in cancer cells by modifying the DNA template or by inhibiting vital enzymatic activities that lead to slowing or stalling replication f...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2014.12.003
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exercise is a well-known non-pharmacologic agent used to prevent and treat a wide range of pathologic conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disease. In this sense, the classic field of exercise physiology has determined the main theoretical and practical bases of physiologic adaptations in response to exerci...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.11.003
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an extremely aggressive tumor which develops in the epithelial lining of the lungs. Exposure to asbestos is the most influential risk factor for developing this disease. Despite recent advances in the treatment of other types of cancer, patients with mesothelioma currently face ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age affecting various functions including reproduction and metabolism. This syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of subclinical cardiovascular disease as well as endometrial and ovarian cancer. This syndrome is high...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.06.001
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metaproteomics, as a subfield of proteomics, has quickly emerged as a pivotal tool for global characterization of a microbiome system at a functional level. It has been increasingly applied in studying human digestive and metabolic diseases, and provides information-rich data to identify the dysbiosis of human gut mic...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.12.002
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laboratory testing for drugs of abuse has become standard practice in many settings both forensic and clinical. Urine is the predominant specimen, but other specimens are possible including hair, nails, sweat, and oral fluid. Point-of-care test kits provide for rapid analysis at the site where specimens are collected ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2016.11.003
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This monograph on the clinical chemistry of vitamin B12 reviews the literature on daily requirements, methods for measurement, the effects of drugs on vitamin B12 metabolism absorption, pregnancy, clinical conditions associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, errors of metabolism, and reactions to vitamin therapy. Altho...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60273-5
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) represent a heterogeneous family of autoantibodies directed against structural endothelial proteins, as well as antigens adhering to endothelial cells. Although AECA immunoassays still show a high-interlaboratory variability, several findings suggest a pathogenic role of these a...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(06)42008-4
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Due to its importance both in the clearance of pathogens that contribute as rheumatic etiological agents and in the disposal of apoptotic bodies and potential autoimmune initiators, deficiencies of the components of the lectin pathway of complement have been found to increase susceptibility and modulate the severity o...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394317-0.00012-1
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary role of the clinical laboratory is to report accurate results for diagnosis of disease and management of illnesses. This goal has, to a large extent been achieved for routine biochemical tests, but not for immunoassays which remained susceptible to interference from endogenous immunoglobulin antibodies, ca...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801401-1.00007-4
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Marine organisms are a rich source of sulfated polysaccharides with unique structures. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FucCS) from the sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea and sulfated galactan from the red alga Botryocladia occidentalis are one of these unusual molecules. Besides their uncommon structures, they also ex...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800096-0.00007-x
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The majority of cancer-related deaths result from metastasis, the process by which cancer cells escape the primary tumor site and enter into the blood circulation in order to disseminate to secondary locations throughout the body. Tumor cells found within the circulation are referred to as circulating tumor cells (CTC...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2017.10.004
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Part II of this review we consider the very common case of multiple inputs to a measurement process. We derive, using only elementary steps and the basic mathematics covered in Part I, the formula for the propagation of uncertainties from the inputs to the output. The Gaussian density distribution is briefly explai...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2018.02.003
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Specific nucleic acid detection in vitro or in vivo has become increasingly important in the discovery of genetic diseases, diagnosing pathogen infection and monitoring disease treatment. One challenge, however, is that the amount of target nucleic acid in specimens is limited. Furthermore, direct sensing methods are ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.03.002
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review examines in vitro and in vivo studies, indicating that bilirubin inhibits lipid oxidation and oxygen radical formation. Experimental and epidemiological evidence is presented that suggests that bilirubin may serve as a physiological antioxidant providing protection against cardiovascular disease. Special a...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(10)50003-9
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease occurs in significant percentage of general population. NAFLD is closely associated with entire spectrum of metabolic-related disorders including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Considering several similar pathways underpinning metabol...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2016.10.002
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metabolomics is the quantitative analysis of a large number of low molecular weight metabolites that are intermediate or final products of all the metabolic pathways in a living organism. Any metabolic profiles detectable in a human biological fluid are caused by the interaction between gene expression and the environ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.12.006
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cellular receptor for urokinase, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a central role in localizing its ligand, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and thereby the plasminogen activation to the cell surface. uPA converts the proenzyme plasminogen to plasmin, which is involved in degrada...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypoxemia (systemic oxygen desaturation) marks the presence, risk, and progression of many diseases. Episodic or nocturnal hypoxemia can be challenging to detect and quantify. A sensitive, specific, and convenient marker of recent oxygen desaturation represents an unmet medical need. Observations of acclimatization to...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2017.06.002
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00