Abstract:
:The cellular receptor for urokinase, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a central role in localizing its ligand, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and thereby the plasminogen activation to the cell surface. uPA converts the proenzyme plasminogen to plasmin, which is involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. In addition, uPA also cleaves uPAR, liberating the ligand-binding domain I, uPAR(I) and leaving the cleaved form, uPAR(II-III) on the cell surface. This cleavage inactivates the binding potential of uPAR toward uPA and vitronectin. uPAR can be shed from the cell surface and both intact and cleaved uPAR variants have been identified in tissue and body fluids. Identification and characterization of cleaved uPAR variants are dependent on monoclonal antibodies with known epitope specificity. Some of these have also been useful for the immunohistochemical localization of uPAR in tumor tissue. A number of immunoassays have been designed to measure uPAR and the collective amounts of all uPAR forms measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in tumor lysates or blood correlate to prognosis in several forms of cancer. However, the amounts of uPAR(I) and uPAR(II-III) may be directly related to the uPA activity and therefore be even stronger prognostic markers. Immunoassays measuring the individual uPAR forms have recently been designed and can be used to investigate this. This chapter is focused on the mechanism of uPAR cleavage and characterization and identification of the different uPAR forms in biological tissues and body fluids using immunologic methods. Monoclonal antibodies against uPAR are reviewed as well as different immunoassays used to investigate the prognostic potential of uPAR. Finally, an overview of the localization and prognostic significance of uPAR in different cancers and other malignancies is included.
journal_name
Adv Clin Chemjournal_title
Advances in clinical chemistryauthors
Høyer-Hansen G,Lund IKsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-01-01 00:00:00pages
65-102eissn
0065-2423issn
2162-9471journal_volume
44pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Deregulated DNA replication occurs in cancer where it contributes to genomic instability. This process is a target of cytotoxic therapies. Chemotherapies exploit high DNA replication in cancer cells by modifying the DNA template or by inhibiting vital enzymatic activities that lead to slowing or stalling replication f...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2014.12.003
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the discovery of group-specific component and its polymorphism by Hirschfeld in 1959, research has put spotlight on this multifunctional transport protein (vitamin D binding protein, DBP). Besides the transport of vitamin D metabolites, DBP is a plasma glycoprotein with many important functions, including seques...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800094-6.00001-7
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During winter hibernation, small mammals fall into long periods of deep cold torpor where metabolic rate is suppressed by > 90% and core body temperature can fall to near 0 degrees C. Studies with hibernators illustrate the molecular regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the suppression of metabolic functions during t...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This monograph on the clinical chemistry of vitamin B12 reviews the literature on daily requirements, methods for measurement, the effects of drugs on vitamin B12 metabolism absorption, pregnancy, clinical conditions associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, errors of metabolism, and reactions to vitamin therapy. Altho...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60273-5
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypoxemia (systemic oxygen desaturation) marks the presence, risk, and progression of many diseases. Episodic or nocturnal hypoxemia can be challenging to detect and quantify. A sensitive, specific, and convenient marker of recent oxygen desaturation represents an unmet medical need. Observations of acclimatization to...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2017.06.002
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanisms postulated to link folate and B12 metabolism with cancer, including genome-wide hypomethylation, gene-specific promoter hypermethylation, and DNA uracil misincorporation, have been observed in prostate tumor cells. However, epidemiological studies of prostate cancer risk, based on dietary intakes and blood ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407681-5.00001-5
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Part II of this review we consider the very common case of multiple inputs to a measurement process. We derive, using only elementary steps and the basic mathematics covered in Part I, the formula for the propagation of uncertainties from the inputs to the output. The Gaussian density distribution is briefly explai...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2018.02.003
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently circularized RNA moieties that despite being relatively abundant were only recently identified and have only begun to be investigated within the last couple of years. Even though there are many thousands of genes that appear capable of producing circRNAs, and the fact that many ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.008
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The application of simple, cost-effective, rapid, and accurate diagnostic technologies for detection and identification of cardiac and cancer biomarkers has been a central point in the clinical area. Biosensors have been recognized as efficient alternatives for the diagnostics of various diseases due to their specific...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.10.004
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In addition to their historical role, autoantibodies appear promising as biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis, improve patient outcome and decrease mortality in cancer. Autoantibodies may also be useful in the identification of subjects at risk for cancer, that is, those bearing premalignant changes. Numerous studies ha...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800263-6.00005-7
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Menopause is a risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. MetS is a constellation of interdependent factors such as insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The prevalence of MetS in postmenopause is due to ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.07.001
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) play an important role in modulating the mucosal integrity and various functions of the alimentary tract, and E type PGs are most effective in these actions. PGE2 protects against acid reflux esophagitis and affords gastric cytoprotection against ethanol and indomethacin. These effects ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(10)51005-9
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sepsis is the primary cause of death in the intensive care unit. The prevention of sepsis complications requires an early and accurate diagnosis as well as the appropriate mon itoring. A deep knowledge of the immunologic basis of sepsis is essential to better understand the scope of incorporating a new marker into cli...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800141-7.00002-4
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The majority of cancer-related deaths result from metastasis, the process by which cancer cells escape the primary tumor site and enter into the blood circulation in order to disseminate to secondary locations throughout the body. Tumor cells found within the circulation are referred to as circulating tumor cells (CTC...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2017.10.004
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aggressive behavior exerts an enormous impact on society remaining among the main causes of worldwide premature death. Effective primary interventions, relying on predictive models of aggression that show adequate sensitivity and specificity are currently lacking. One strategy to increase the accuracy and precision of...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.004
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary role of the clinical laboratory is to report accurate results for diagnosis of disease and management of illnesses. This goal has, to a large extent been achieved for routine biochemical tests, but not for immunoassays which remained susceptible to interference from endogenous immunoglobulin antibodies, ca...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801401-1.00007-4
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glutathione (GSH), often referred to as "the master antioxidant," participates not only in antioxidant defense systems, but many metabolic processes, and therefore its role cannot be overstated. GSH deficiency causes cellular risk for oxidative damage and thus as expected, GSH imbalance is observed in a wide range of ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2018.07.004
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metaproteomics, as a subfield of proteomics, has quickly emerged as a pivotal tool for global characterization of a microbiome system at a functional level. It has been increasingly applied in studying human digestive and metabolic diseases, and provides information-rich data to identify the dysbiosis of human gut mic...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.12.002
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multidrug resistance represents a major obstacle in the successful therapy of neoplastic diseases. Studies have demonstrated that this form of drug resistance occurs in cultured tumor cell lines as well as in human cancers. P-glycoprotein appears to play an important role in such cells by acting as an energy-dependent...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60332-7
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cataract is a major cause of blindness worldwide. It is characterized by lens opacification and is accompanied by extensive posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in various proteins. PTMs play an essential role in lens opacification. Several PTMs have been described in proteins isolated from relatively old human lens...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2018.05.005
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The abnormal breakdown of circulating red blood cells (RBCs), also known as hemolysis, is a significant clinical issue that can present as a primary disorder or arise secondary to another disease process. The evaluation for pathologic hemolysis (and the establishment of a hemolytic disorder) is heavily dependent on as...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2018.12.006
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Due to its importance both in the clearance of pathogens that contribute as rheumatic etiological agents and in the disposal of apoptotic bodies and potential autoimmune initiators, deficiencies of the components of the lectin pathway of complement have been found to increase susceptibility and modulate the severity o...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394317-0.00012-1
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The generation of bulky DNA adducts consists of conjugates formed between large reactive electrophiles and DNA-binding sites. The term "bulky DNA adducts" comes from early experiments that employed a 32P-DNA postlabeling approach. This technique has long been used to elucidate the association between adducts and carci...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2017.01.006
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age affecting various functions including reproduction and metabolism. This syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of subclinical cardiovascular disease as well as endometrial and ovarian cancer. This syndrome is high...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.06.001
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This chapter summarizes progress in several approaches and devices that will improve and augment existing diagnostic techniques. The term bionanotechnology has been used to describe the science that supports the construction of nanoscale bioassemblies. In each of the present applications to diagnostics, bionanotechnol...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S0065-2423(05)41002-1
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an extremely aggressive tumor which develops in the epithelial lining of the lungs. Exposure to asbestos is the most influential risk factor for developing this disease. Despite recent advances in the treatment of other types of cancer, patients with mesothelioma currently face ...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress is characterized by imbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. Two main antioxidant systems exist. The nonenzymatic system relies on molecules to directly quench ROS and the enzymatic system is composed of specific enzymes that detoxify ROS. Among the latter, the sup...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2014.11.001
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is the most common and widely known as serious complication of pregnancy. As this syndrome is a major leading cause of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity/mortality worldwide, many studies have sought to identify candidate molecules as potential disease biomarkers (DBMs) f...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.007
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exercise is a well-known non-pharmacologic agent used to prevent and treat a wide range of pathologic conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disease. In this sense, the classic field of exercise physiology has determined the main theoretical and practical bases of physiologic adaptations in response to exerci...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.11.003
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease occurs in significant percentage of general population. NAFLD is closely associated with entire spectrum of metabolic-related disorders including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Considering several similar pathways underpinning metabol...
journal_title:Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2016.10.002
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00