Abstract：
:In Part II of this review we consider the very common case of multiple inputs to a measurement process. We derive, using only elementary steps and the basic mathematics covered in Part I, the formula for the propagation of uncertainties from the inputs to the output. The Gaussian density distribution is briefly explained, since an understanding of this distribution is needed for the determination of so-called expanded uncertainties at the end of a measurement process. The propagation formula in general involves correlations among the inputs, although in many cases these correlations can be considered negligible. Correlations, however, need to be taken into account in related matters such as line-fitting and have particular relevance to method comparisons. These topics are addressed briefly. We next discuss the important question of bias and its incorporation into the expression of uncertainty. We present, finally, six real-world cases in clinical chemistry where uncertainty in the estimated value of the measurand is calculated using the propagation formula.
journal_name
Adv Clin Chemjournal_title
Advances in clinical chemistryauthors
Frenkel RB,Farrance Idoi
10.1016/bs.acc.2018.02.003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-01-01 00:00:00pages
149-211eissn
0065-2423issn
2162-9471pii
S0065-2423(18)30003-9journal_volume
85pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Biomarkers are increasingly employed in empirical studies of human populations to understand physiological processes that change with age, diseases whose onset appears linked to age, and the aging process itself. In this chapter, we describe some of the most commonly used biomarkers in population aging research, inclu...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0065-2423(08)00405-8
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human adults produce around 1000 mmol of ammonia daily. Some is reutilized in biosynthesis. The remainder is waste and neurotoxic. Eventually most is excreted in urine as urea, together with ammonia used as a buffer. In extrahepatic tissues, ammonia is incorporated into nontoxic glutamine and released into blood. Larg...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2014.09.002
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is the most common and widely known as serious complication of pregnancy. As this syndrome is a major leading cause of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity/mortality worldwide, many studies have sought to identify candidate molecules as potential disease biomarkers (DBMs) f...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.007
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microfluidics is an emerging field in diagnostics that allows for extremely precise fluid control and manipulation, enabling rapid and high-throughput sample processing in integrated micro-scale medical systems. These platforms are well-suited for both standard clinical settings and point-of-care applications. The uni...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2019.08.001
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This chapter summarizes progress in several approaches and devices that will improve and augment existing diagnostic techniques. The term bionanotechnology has been used to describe the science that supports the construction of nanoscale bioassemblies. In each of the present applications to diagnostics, bionanotechnol...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0065-2423(05)41002-1
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypoxemia (systemic oxygen desaturation) marks the presence, risk, and progression of many diseases. Episodic or nocturnal hypoxemia can be challenging to detect and quantify. A sensitive, specific, and convenient marker of recent oxygen desaturation represents an unmet medical need. Observations of acclimatization to...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2017.06.002
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aggressive behavior exerts an enormous impact on society remaining among the main causes of worldwide premature death. Effective primary interventions, relying on predictive models of aggression that show adequate sensitivity and specificity are currently lacking. One strategy to increase the accuracy and precision of...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.004
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exercise is a well-known non-pharmacologic agent used to prevent and treat a wide range of pathologic conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disease. In this sense, the classic field of exercise physiology has determined the main theoretical and practical bases of physiologic adaptations in response to exerci...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2019.11.003
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The generation of bulky DNA adducts consists of conjugates formed between large reactive electrophiles and DNA-binding sites. The term "bulky DNA adducts" comes from early experiments that employed a 32P-DNA postlabeling approach. This technique has long been used to elucidate the association between adducts and carci...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2017.01.006
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disorder worldwide, encompasses a spectrum of abnormal liver histology ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Population studies show that NAFLD is strongly associated with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 d...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/b978-0-12-407680-8.00004-x
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metaproteomics, as a subfield of proteomics, has quickly emerged as a pivotal tool for global characterization of a microbiome system at a functional level. It has been increasingly applied in studying human digestive and metabolic diseases, and provides information-rich data to identify the dysbiosis of human gut mic...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2019.12.002
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During winter hibernation, small mammals fall into long periods of deep cold torpor where metabolic rate is suppressed by > 90% and core body temperature can fall to near 0 degrees C. Studies with hibernators illustrate the molecular regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the suppression of metabolic functions during t...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aromatase is a specific component of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system that is responsible for the transformation of C19 androgen precursors into C18 estrogenic compounds. This enzyme is encoded by the CYP19A1 gene located at chromosome 15q21.2, that is expressed in ovary and testis not only but also in many extraglan...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/b978-0-12-387025-4.00006-6
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an extremely aggressive tumor which develops in the epithelial lining of the lungs. Exposure to asbestos is the most influential risk factor for developing this disease. Despite recent advances in the treatment of other types of cancer, patients with mesothelioma currently face ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The abnormal breakdown of circulating red blood cells (RBCs), also known as hemolysis, is a significant clinical issue that can present as a primary disorder or arise secondary to another disease process. The evaluation for pathologic hemolysis (and the establishment of a hemolytic disorder) is heavily dependent on as...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2018.12.006
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Specific nucleic acid detection in vitro or in vivo has become increasingly important in the discovery of genetic diseases, diagnosing pathogen infection and monitoring disease treatment. One challenge, however, is that the amount of target nucleic acid in specimens is limited. Furthermore, direct sensing methods are ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2019.03.002
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Laboratory testing for drugs of abuse has become standard practice in many settings both forensic and clinical. Urine is the predominant specimen, but other specimens are possible including hair, nails, sweat, and oral fluid. Point-of-care test kits provide for rapid analysis at the site where specimens are collected ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2016.11.003
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age affecting various functions including reproduction and metabolism. This syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of subclinical cardiovascular disease as well as endometrial and ovarian cancer. This syndrome is high...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2015.06.001
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) play an important role in modulating the mucosal integrity and various functions of the alimentary tract, and E type PGs are most effective in these actions. PGE2 protects against acid reflux esophagitis and affords gastric cytoprotection against ethanol and indomethacin. These effects ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0065-2423(10)51005-9
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cellular receptor for urokinase, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a central role in localizing its ligand, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and thereby the plasminogen activation to the cell surface. uPA converts the proenzyme plasminogen to plasmin, which is involved in degrada...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is now substantial evidence for the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in causation and prevention of cancer. Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) were considered attractive candidate chemoprevention agents; however, concerns over the toxicity of systemic selective inhibition have cast some doubt on COX-2 inhibition ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The application of simple, cost-effective, rapid, and accurate diagnostic technologies for detection and identification of cardiac and cancer biomarkers has been a central point in the clinical area. Biosensors have been recognized as efficient alternatives for the diagnostics of various diseases due to their specific...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2015.10.004
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Publication of the human proteome has prompted efforts to develop high-throughput techniques that can catalogue and quantify proteins and peptides present in different tissue types. The field of proteomics aims to identify, quantify, analyze, and functionally define a large number of proteins in cellular processes in ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0065-2423(09)47006-9
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The primary role of the clinical laboratory is to report accurate results for diagnosis of disease and management of illnesses. This goal has, to a large extent been achieved for routine biochemical tests, but not for immunoassays which remained susceptible to interference from endogenous immunoglobulin antibodies, ca...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/b978-0-12-801401-1.00007-4
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sepsis is the primary cause of death in the intensive care unit. The prevention of sepsis complications requires an early and accurate diagnosis as well as the appropriate mon itoring. A deep knowledge of the immunologic basis of sepsis is essential to better understand the scope of incorporating a new marker into cli...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/b978-0-12-800141-7.00002-4
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metabolomics is the quantitative analysis of a large number of low molecular weight metabolites that are intermediate or final products of all the metabolic pathways in a living organism. Any metabolic profiles detectable in a human biological fluid are caused by the interaction between gene expression and the environ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2015.12.006
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mechanisms postulated to link folate and B12 metabolism with cancer, including genome-wide hypomethylation, gene-specific promoter hypermethylation, and DNA uracil misincorporation, have been observed in prostate tumor cells. However, epidemiological studies of prostate cancer risk, based on dietary intakes and blood ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/b978-0-12-407681-5.00001-5
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The majority of cancer-related deaths result from metastasis, the process by which cancer cells escape the primary tumor site and enter into the blood circulation in order to disseminate to secondary locations throughout the body. Tumor cells found within the circulation are referred to as circulating tumor cells (CTC...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2017.10.004
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Menopause is a risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. MetS is a constellation of interdependent factors such as insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The prevalence of MetS in postmenopause is due to ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/bs.acc.2015.07.001
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent development and introduction into clinical and laboratory practice of the novel highly sensitive cardiac troponin assays has contributed to improve the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients presenting with suspected myocardial injury and acute coronary syndrome at the emergency department (ED). The ...
journal_title：Advances in clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
