Abstract:
BACKGROUND/AIMS:The Food Consumption Survey, conducted for over 20 years by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment (MAGRAMA), is the most reliable source of data to evaluate the food consumption and dietary patterns of Spain. The aim of the present article was to review the diet trends in Spain and its evolution. Food availability assessment per capita per day, which allows the calculation of energy and nutrient intake and comparison with the Recommended Nutrient Intakes for the Spanish population is described. In addition, different markers of the quality of the diet have been also evaluated. METHODS:The sample consisted of consumption and distribution data, obtained from the nationwide representative Food Consumption Survey for the period 2000- 2012. A two-stage sampling method was applied, where in the first stage the units to be sampled were towns or local entities, and in the second stage households which were going to be part of the final sample from those entities were selected. Units consisted of towns or local entities in the national territory. The data allowed the calculation of energy and nutrient intakes, using the Food Composition Tables (Moreiras et al, 2013). The quality of the diet was also evaluated: the adequacy of the diet in meeting the recommended intakes for energy and nutrients; energy profile; dietary fat quality; dietary protein quality; nutrient density; Mediterranean diet adequacy indices. The present data were compared with previous data obtained by our research group in 1964, 1981 and 1991. RESULTS:Using the most recent data, average intake comprised: milk and derivatives (356 g/person/day), fruits (323 g/person/day), vegetables and greens (339 g/ person/day), cereals and derivatives (197 g/person/day), meat and meat products (181 g/day), fish (88,6 g/person/ day), oils and fats (41,6 g/person/day), sugar and derivatives (25,6 g/person/day), eggs (27,1 g/person/day), legumes (13,9 g/person/day) . There was also a high consumption of non-alcoholic beverages (437 g/person/day) and decreasing for alcoholic beverages (192 g/person/day) compared to previous surveys. In consequence, meat and meat product consumption was higher than the recommendations, whereas for cereals and their derivatives, vegetables and greens, fruit, and legumes and pulses, consumption was below recommendations for the Spanish population (GRUNUMUR, 2004; SENC, 2007). Some staple and traditional Mediterranean foods (bread, potatoes and olive oil) showed a dramatic decline when compared to data from Household Budget Surveys in 1964 data. Energy intake showed a marked decline when compared to the 1960's mean consumption, and show marked differences for food groups contributors. Energy profile shows too much coming from lipids vs carbohydrates and slightly higher from proteins. CONCLUSION:Food consumption patterns in Spain and energy and nutrient intakes have changed markedly in the last forty years, differing somewhat at present from the traditional and healthy Mediterranean Diet. :Antecedentes/objetivos: La Encuesta de Consumo de Alimentos, realizada durante 20 años por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (MAGRAMA), es la fuente más fiable de datos para evaluar el consumo de alimentos y patrones dietéticos en España. El objetivo de este artículo fue revisar las tendencias dietéticas en España y su evolución. Se describe la evaluación de la disponibilidad de alimentos per cápita y día, que permite el cálculo de consumo de energía y nutrientes y su comparación con el Consumo Recomendado de Nutrientes para la población española. Además, se han evaluado diferentes marcadores de la calidad de la dieta. Métodos: La muestra consistió en los datos de consumo y distribución, obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Alimentos para el período 2000-2012. Se aplicó un método de muestreo en dos etapas en el que, en la primera etapa, las unidades que se muestreaban fueron ciudades y entidades locales y, en la segunda, se seleccionaron los hogares que conformaron la muestra final a partir de las entidades locales. Las unidades consistieron en ciudades o entidades locales del territorio nacional. Los datos permitieron el cálculo de consumo de energía y nutrientes utilizando las tablas de Consumo de Alimentos (Moreiras et al., 2013). También se evaluó la calidad de la dieta: la adecuación de la dieta para alcanzar los consumos de energía y nutrientes recomendados; perfil de energía; calidad de la grasa de la dieta; calidad de la proteína de la dieta; densidad de nutrientes; índices de adecuación de la dieta mediterránea. Los datos actuales se compararon con los datos previos obtenidos por nuestro grupo de investigación en 1964, 1981 y 1991. Resultados: Utilizando los datos más recientes, el consumo promedio comprendía: leche y derivados (356 g/persona/día), frutas (323 g/persona/día), verduras y hortalizas (339 g/persona/día), cereales y derivados (197 g/persona/día), carne y productos cárnicos (181 g/día), pescado (88,6 g/persona/día), aceites y grasas (41,6 g/persona/ día), azúcar y derivados (25,6 g/persona/día), huevos (27,1 g/persona/día), legumbres (13,9 g/persona/día) . También un consumo elevado de bebidas no alcohólicas (437 g/persona/día) y un descenso del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (192 g/persona/día) en comparación con las encuestas previas. En consecuencia, el consumo de carne y productos cárnicos fue superior al recomendado mientras que el consumo de cereales y sus derivados, verduras y hortalizas, fruta y legumbres estaba por debajo de las recomendaciones para la población española (GRUNUMUR, 2004; SENC, 2007). Algunos alimentos mediterráneos de consumo habitual y tradicionales (pan, patatas y aceite de oliva) mostraron un declive notable en comparación con los datos de las Encuestas de Economía Doméstica de 1964. El consumo de energía mostró un marcado declive en comparación con el consumo medio de los años sesenta y mostró marcadas diferencias para los distintos grupos de alimentos contribuyentes. El perfil de energía mostró que una gran parte procedía de los lípidos, frente a los hidratos de carbono y algo superior con respecto a las proteínas. Conclusión: Los patrones de consumo de alimentos en España y los consumos de energía y nutrientes han cambiado notablemente en los últimos 40 años, difiriendo algo en la actualidad de la dieta mediterránea tradicional y saludable.
journal_name
Nutr Hospjournal_title
Nutricion hospitalariaauthors
Varela-Moreiras G,Ruiz E,Valero T,Avila JM,del Pozo Sdoi
10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup5.6914subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-09-01 00:00:00pages
13-20eissn
0212-1611issn
1699-5198journal_volume
28 Suppl 5pub_type
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journal_title:Nutricion hospitalaria
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journal_title:Nutricion hospitalaria
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pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
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journal_title:Nutricion hospitalaria
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