Myocardial potassium channels: electrophysiological and molecular diversity.

abstract：:In recent years, it has become apparent that ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) in the neuronal plasma membrane interact via their cytoplasmic domains with a multitude of intracellular proteins. Different classes of ligand-gated channels associate with distinct sets of intracellular proteins, often throu...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Sheng M,Pak DT

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last five years, cDNAs and genes encoding more than 20 neuroendocrine peptides have been cloned. The information gleaned from these genes has been largely structural to this point, and illustrates the great versatility of neuroendocrine genes in generating diverse sets of bioactive peptides. An ongoing cont...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Mayo KE,Evans RM,Rosenfeld GM

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:NaCl absorption along the nephron is regulated not just by humoral factors but also by factors that do not circulate or act on the cells where they are produced. Generally, nitric oxide (NO) inhibits NaCl absorption along the nephron. However, the effects of NO in the proximal tubule are controversial and may be bipha...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Garvin JL,Herrera M,Ortiz PA

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A characteristic feature of the human airway epithelium is the presence of ciliated cells bearing motile cilia, specialized cell surface projections containing axonemes composed of microtubules and dynein arms, which provide ATP-driven motility. In the airways, cilia function in concert with airway mucus to mediate th...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Tilley AE,Walters MS,Shaykhiev R,Crystal RG

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An intriguing aspect of animal diversity is the wide range of maximal mass-specific metabolic rates attainable by various species. Metabolic ceilings vary with respect to whether hypermetabolic states involve relatively short bouts of burst or aerobic exercise, or long-term physical activity wherein time-averaged rate...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Suarez RK

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent knowledge of the renal epithelial transport systems has exploded with the identification, cloning, and characterization of a large number of membrane transport proteins. The fundamental aspects of these transporters are beginning to emerge at the molecular level and are summarized in the accompanying contri...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Warnock DG

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. Spines accumulate rapidly during early postnatal development and undergo a substantial loss as animals mature into adulthood. In past decades, studies have revealed that the number and size of dendritic spines are regu...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bhatt DH,Zhang S,Gan WB

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A largely unilamellar epithelial layer lines body cavities and organ ducts such as the digestive tract and kidney tubules. This polarized epithelium is composed of biochemically and functionally separate apical and basolateral surfaces. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is a critical regula...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Singh B,Coffey RJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The serum/glucocorticoid-induced kinase Sgk1 plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion transport. This kinase is very rapidly regulated at the transcriptional level as well as via posttranslational modifications involving phosphorylation by the MAP or PI-3 kinase pathways and/or ubiquitylation. Altho...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Loffing J,Flores SY,Staub O

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past three years have seen remarkable progress in research on the molecular basis of inward rectification, with significant implications for basic understanding and pharmacological manipulation of cellular excitability. Expression cloning of the first inward rectifier K channel (Kir) genes provided the necessary b...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Nichols CG,Lopatin AN

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is characterized by changes in the pial and parenchymal microcirculations. SVD produces reductions in cerebral blood flow and impaired blood-brain barrier function, which are leading contributors to age-related reductions in brain health. End-organ effects are diverse, resulting in ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： De Silva TM,Faraci FM

更新日期：2020-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Reabsorption of amino acids, similar to that of glucose, is a major task of the proximal kidney tubule. Various amino acids are actively transported across the luminal brush border membrane into proximal tubule epithelial cells, most of which by cotransport. An important player is the newly identified cotransporter (s...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Verrey F,Ristic Z,Romeo E,Ramadan T,Makrides V,Dave MH,Wagner CA,Camargo SM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Walton KD,Gumucio DL

更新日期：2020-10-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Cardiac hypertrophy is the heart's response to a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli that impose increased biomechanical stress. While hypertrophy can eventually normalize wall tension, it is associated with an unfavorable outcome and threatens affected patients with sudden death or progression to overt heart f...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Frey N,Olson EN

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypoxia elicits an array of compensatory responses in animals ranging from protozoa to mammals. Central among these responses is anapyrexia, the regulated decrease of body temperature. The importance of anapyrexia lies in the fact that it reduces oxygen consumption, increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Steiner AA,Branco LG

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intercellular channels present in gap junctions allow cells to share small molecules and thus coordinate a wide range of behaviors. Remarkably, although junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, vertebrates and invertebrates use unrelated gene families to encode these channels. The recent ide...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： White TW,Paul DL

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite continuous interest in cardiac hypertrophy, our knowledge of its molecular aspects is still elementary. Recently, however, several advancements of particular interest have been made: (a) Nuclei of muscle and nonmuscle cells have been separated, allowing for the first time the study of nuclear activity in speci...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Zak R,Rabinowitz M

更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian liver is one of the most regenerative tissues in the body, capable of fully recovering mass and function after a variety of injuries. This factor alone makes the liver unusual among mammalian tissues, but even more atypical is the widely held notion that the method of repair depends on the manner of inju...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Stanger BZ

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Calcium and sodium absorption by the kidney normally proceed in parallel. However, a number of physiological, pharmacological, pathological, and genetic conditions dissociate this relation. In each instance, the dissociation can be traced to the distal convoluted tubule, where calcium and sodium transport are inversel...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Friedman PA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The last seven years have been exciting in the world of mucin biology. Molecular analyses of mucin genes and deduced protein structures have provided insight into structural features of mucins and tools with which to examine expression, secretion, and glycosylation, thereby enabling a better understanding of the role ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Gendler SJ,Spicer AP

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As stated earlier, the mammalian ovary maintains the continuous development of follicles, but only a few are selected to ovulate and form corpora lutea. These processes are regulated primarily by the gonadotropins and involve specific, sequential changes in the function of theca cells and granulosa cells. Data from re...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Richards JS,Hedin L

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Angiotensin receptors are present in a number of organs and systems including heart, kidney, gonad, and placenta; pituitary and adrenal glands; the peripheral vessels, and the central nervous system. This octapeptide exerts diverse effects that include induction of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and a stimulation...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Matsusaka T,Ichikawa I

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Low oxygen (O2) levels are a naturally occurring feature of embryonic development, adult physiology, and diseases such as those of the cardiovascular system. Although many responses to O2 deprivation are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), researchers are finding a growing number of HIF-independent pathways ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Simon MC,Liu L,Barnhart BC,Young RM

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent availability of reagents to study the IGFs, their receptors, and binding proteins has led to an explosive growth in the study of IGF physiology. However, most studies to date have been descriptive, and studies delineating mechanisms of action are limited. It is apparent that most organ systems synthesize se...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Cohick WS,Clemmons DR

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three families of growth factors/hormones have major effects on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. Two (FGF and TGF-beta) are potent inhibitors, and the third (IGF) exhibits a biphasic stimulatory action (but is not inhibitory even at high concentrations). All of these affect the expression of myogenin, one...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Florini JR,Ewton DZ,Magri KA

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has resulted in scientific projections of changes in global temperatures, climate in general, and surface seawater chemistry. Although the consequences to ecosystems and communities of metazoans are only beginning to be revealed, a key to forecasting expected changes in animal communi...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hofmann GE,Todgham AE

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple mechanisms contribute to the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors and their transmembrane signaling. Post-translational modifications of the receptors, such as phosphorylation, and changes in receptor gene expression can occur in either a strictly agonist-dependent fashion or through second messenger-med...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Collins S,Caron MG,Lefkowitz RJ

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In addition to the well established action of PTH in proximal tubules and of AVP in collecting tubules, polypeptide hormones were recently shown to regulate transport properties in other tubular portions. Although still scarce, such physiological studies using isolated perfused tubules demonstrated hormonal effects in...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Morel F,Imbert-Teboul M,Chabardès D

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cost of living can be measured as an animal's metabolic rate. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is factorially related to other metabolic rates. Analysis of BMR variation suggests that metabolism is a series of linked processes varying in unison. Membrane processes, such as maintenance of ion gradients, are important cos...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hulbert AJ,Else PL

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pituitary gonadotropic hormones, FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (lutienizing hormone) play important roles in regulating both the steroidogenic and gametogenic functions of the ovary. The secretion of pituitary gonadotropins is controlled, in turn, by feedback influences, both negative and positive, ex...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Leung PC,Armstrong DT

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00