Abstract:
:The recent availability of reagents to study the IGFs, their receptors, and binding proteins has led to an explosive growth in the study of IGF physiology. However, most studies to date have been descriptive, and studies delineating mechanisms of action are limited. It is apparent that most organ systems synthesize several components of the IGF system necessary for IGF to function in an autocrine or paracrine fashion and that regulation of this system occurs at the local level. However, the relative importance of locally produced IGF vs circulating IGF remains unclear. The mechanisms by which the IGFBPs modulate IGF activity are crucial to understanding this system, and identification of specific roles for each of these proteins will be required. Of critical importance is the identity of the intracellular signal transduction system by which the IGF receptor mediates the effects of the IGFs, and the delineation of mechanisms by which the IGFBPs interact with the receptor at the cellular level. It is also of interest to determine what role, if any, the IGF-II receptor plays in mediating the growth-promoting effects of the IGFs. The ubiquitous distribution of the IGFs, IGFBPs, and IGF receptors indicates that they may play a role in the regulation of coordinate growth among several tissues and cell types. Understanding the mechanisms by which these components interact to coordinate growth responses between different cell types should greatly enhance our understanding of normal growth and development.
journal_name
Annu Rev Physioljournal_title
Annual review of physiologyauthors
Cohick WS,Clemmons DRdoi
10.1146/annurev.ph.55.030193.001023subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-01-01 00:00:00pages
131-53eissn
0066-4278issn
1545-1585journal_volume
55pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Cl- transport in the loop of Henle is responsible for reclamation of 25-40% of the filtered NaCl load and for the formation of dilute urine. Our understanding of the physiologic and molecular mechanisms responsible for Cl- reabsorption in both the thin ascending limb and thick ascending limb of Henle's loop has increa...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.631
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three families of growth factors/hormones have major effects on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. Two (FGF and TGF-beta) are potent inhibitors, and the third (IGF) exhibits a biphasic stimulatory action (but is not inhibitory even at high concentrations). All of these affect the expression of myogenin, one...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.001221
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent knowledge of the renal epithelial transport systems has exploded with the identification, cloning, and characterization of a large number of membrane transport proteins. The fundamental aspects of these transporters are beginning to emerge at the molecular level and are summarized in the accompanying contri...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.160000
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are nuclear receptors that function as intracellular sensors for sterols and bile acids, respectively. In response to their ligands, these receptors induce transcriptional responses that maintain a balanced, finely tuned regulation of cholesterol and bile acid me...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.033104.152158
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Myocardial K+ currents function to control resting membrane potentials, the heights and durations of action potentials, and refractoriness and automaticity. They are important targets for the actions of transmitters and hormones or drugs known, or postulated, to modulate cardiac functioning. A variety of K+ currents t...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.002051
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As stated earlier, the mammalian ovary maintains the continuous development of follicles, but only a few are selected to ovulate and form corpora lutea. These processes are regulated primarily by the gonadotropins and involve specific, sequential changes in the function of theca cells and granulosa cells. Data from re...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.50.030188.002301
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A largely unilamellar epithelial layer lines body cavities and organ ducts such as the digestive tract and kidney tubules. This polarized epithelium is composed of biochemically and functionally separate apical and basolateral surfaces. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is a critical regula...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170406
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has resulted in scientific projections of changes in global temperatures, climate in general, and surface seawater chemistry. Although the consequences to ecosystems and communities of metazoans are only beginning to be revealed, a key to forecasting expected changes in animal communi...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135900
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::NaCl absorption along the nephron is regulated not just by humoral factors but also by factors that do not circulate or act on the cells where they are produced. Generally, nitric oxide (NO) inhibits NaCl absorption along the nephron. However, the effects of NO in the proximal tubule are controversial and may be bipha...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142247
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::I was pleased to receive the invitation to write this prefactory chapter. In doing so, I join a number of physiologists whose work and writings I have often admired. There are two aspects of my experience in physiology that I discuss here. The first concerns my own research accomplishments. The second is my role in de...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.1
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Identification of the sites and mechanisms underlying the generation of respiratory rhythm is of longstanding interest to physiologists and neurobiologists. Recently, with the development of novel experimental preparations, especially in vitro en bloc and slice preparations of rodent brainstem, progress has been made ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.385
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional intracellular organelle, a component of the cellular reticular network that allows cells to adjust to a wide variety of conditions. The cardiomyocyte reticular network is the ideal location of sensors for both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that disrupt energy and/o...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183707
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian liver is one of the most regenerative tissues in the body, capable of fully recovering mass and function after a variety of injuries. This factor alone makes the liver unusual among mammalian tissues, but even more atypical is the widely held notion that the method of repair depends on the manner of inju...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170255
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intercellular channels present in gap junctions allow cells to share small molecules and thus coordinate a wide range of behaviors. Remarkably, although junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, vertebrates and invertebrates use unrelated gene families to encode these channels. The recent ide...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.283
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, we have traced the path of estradiol from its entry into the cell to the time of its release from the receptor. We feel that all of the current models are limited in one respect or another. We have examined most critically those currently most in vogue. The entry of estradiol into the cell is widely as...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.38.030176.002233
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on the role of the venous valves in the genesis of thrombus formation in venous thromboembolic disease (VTE). Clinical VTE and the evidence for the valvular origin of venous thrombosis are reviewed. Virchow's triad is then used as a framework for discussion to approach the question posed regarding ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142305
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The molecular architectures of SMP and SRP differ, yet the functional analogies between CAM-associated SMP and SRP are numerous. Most of the divergences observed may have their root in different behavior during dephosphorylation (see Table 1). ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.51.030189.002353
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1 degrees C colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian kidney is a highly complex organ that requires the precise structural arrangement of multiple cell types for effective function. The need to filter large volumes of plasma at the glomerulus followed by active reabsorption of nearly 99% of that filtrate by the tubules creates vulnerability in both compart...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163245
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pituitary gonadotropic hormones, FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (lutienizing hormone) play important roles in regulating both the steroidogenic and gametogenic functions of the ovary. The secretion of pituitary gonadotropins is controlled, in turn, by feedback influences, both negative and positive, ex...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.42.030180.000443
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many behaviors require rapid and precisely timed synaptic transmission. These include the determination of a sound's direction by detecting small interaural time differences and visual processing, which relies on synchronous activation of large populations of neurons. In addition, throughout the brain, concerted firin...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.521
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has brought together a broad community of scientists interested in measuring the neural basis of the human mind. Because fMRI signals are an indirect measure of neural activity, interpreting these signals to make deductions about the nervous system requir...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.082602.092845
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current information indicates that the mammalian kidney is a significant site of EGF synthesis, second only to the salivary gland in the rodent and probably exceeding most other tissues in the human species. The prepro EGF mRNA is localized to the cells of the TALH and the DCT. The EGF mRNA transcript in kidney is sim...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.51.030189.000435
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::When compiling results obtained with various techniques, it appears that the apical Na translocators are channels of high Na, Li selectivity that permit large transport rates at low driving forces. The concentration dependence of the transport rate is linear at least up to 60 mM Nao. The voltage dependence is of the G...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.002433
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is characterized by changes in the pial and parenchymal microcirculations. SVD produces reductions in cerebral blood flow and impaired blood-brain barrier function, which are leading contributors to age-related reductions in brain health. End-organ effects are diverse, resulting in ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034338
更新日期:2020-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::My scientific life has been spent trying to understand how cells communicate with each other. This interest in cell signaling began with studies on the control of fluid secretion by an insect salivary gland, and the subsequent quest led to the discovery of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and its role in calcium signaling...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040103.152647
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the efforts to find a place map of sound direction within the auditory system of mammals has been reinspired by the recent discoveries in owl, progress to date has not been encouraging. Neither the inferior colliculus nor auditory cortex has yielded immediate evidence of such a map, despite ingenious and pers...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.001423
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a growing global health concern, yet no treatment is currently available to prevent it or to promote kidney repair after injury. Animal models demonstrate that the macrophage is a major contributor to the inflammatory response to AKI. Emerging data from human biopsies also corroborate the ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034219
更新日期:2017-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::Calcium and sodium absorption by the kidney normally proceed in parallel. However, a number of physiological, pharmacological, pathological, and genetic conditions dissociate this relation. In each instance, the dissociation can be traced to the distal convoluted tubule, where calcium and sodium transport are inversel...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.179
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulated exocytosis involves the tightly controlled fusion of a transport vesicle with the plasma membrane. It includes processes as diverse as the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic nerve endings and the sperm-triggered deposition of a barrier preventing polyspermy in oocytes. Cell-free model systems have...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.777
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00