Contributions of Aging to Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.

abstract：:Although the efforts to find a place map of sound direction within the auditory system of mammals has been reinspired by the recent discoveries in owl, progress to date has not been encouraging. Neither the inferior colliculus nor auditory cortex has yielded immediate evidence of such a map, despite ingenious and pers...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Masterton RB,Imig TJ

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reabsorption of amino acids, similar to that of glucose, is a major task of the proximal kidney tubule. Various amino acids are actively transported across the luminal brush border membrane into proximal tubule epithelial cells, most of which by cotransport. An important player is the newly identified cotransporter (s...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Verrey F,Ristic Z,Romeo E,Ramadan T,Makrides V,Dave MH,Wagner CA,Camargo SM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:NaCl absorption along the nephron is regulated not just by humoral factors but also by factors that do not circulate or act on the cells where they are produced. Generally, nitric oxide (NO) inhibits NaCl absorption along the nephron. However, the effects of NO in the proximal tubule are controversial and may be bipha...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Garvin JL,Herrera M,Ortiz PA

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1 degrees C colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Fletcher GL,Hew CL,Davies PL

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are nuclear receptors that function as intracellular sensors for sterols and bile acids, respectively. In response to their ligands, these receptors induce transcriptional responses that maintain a balanced, finely tuned regulation of cholesterol and bile acid me...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kalaany NY,Mangelsdorf DJ

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Angiotensin receptors are present in a number of organs and systems including heart, kidney, gonad, and placenta; pituitary and adrenal glands; the peripheral vessels, and the central nervous system. This octapeptide exerts diverse effects that include induction of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and a stimulation...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Matsusaka T,Ichikawa I

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pituitary gonadotropic hormones, FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (lutienizing hormone) play important roles in regulating both the steroidogenic and gametogenic functions of the ovary. The secretion of pituitary gonadotropins is controlled, in turn, by feedback influences, both negative and positive, ex...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Leung PC,Armstrong DT

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many behaviors require rapid and precisely timed synaptic transmission. These include the determination of a sound's direction by detecting small interaural time differences and visual processing, which relies on synchronous activation of large populations of neurons. In addition, throughout the brain, concerted firin...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Sabatini BL,Regehr WG

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In addition to the well established action of PTH in proximal tubules and of AVP in collecting tubules, polypeptide hormones were recently shown to regulate transport properties in other tubular portions. Although still scarce, such physiological studies using isolated perfused tubules demonstrated hormonal effects in...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Morel F,Imbert-Teboul M,Chabardès D

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, we have traced the path of estradiol from its entry into the cell to the time of its release from the receptor. We feel that all of the current models are limited in one respect or another. We have examined most critically those currently most in vogue. The entry of estradiol into the cell is widely as...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Gorski J,Gannon F

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Congestive heart failure is associated with ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation, increased circulating catecholamines, and peripheral vasoconstriction. The extent to which these changes occur, whether they are a favorable "compensatory mechanism" or contribute to cardiocirculatory dysfunction, depends on the cause ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Zelis R,Flaim SF,Liedtke AJ,Nellis SH

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the role of the venous valves in the genesis of thrombus formation in venous thromboembolic disease (VTE). Clinical VTE and the evidence for the valvular origin of venous thrombosis are reviewed. Virchow's triad is then used as a framework for discussion to approach the question posed regarding ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bovill EG,van der Vliet A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A precise description of the involvement of G proteins in regulation of the cardiovascular system is not possible at the present time although it is clear that they do have important regulatory roles. The cardiovascular system is composed of a variety of cell types, which are subject to control by several different ho...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Robishaw JD,Foster KA

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The phosphoinositides PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are concentrated in plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells, and excluded from endosomes, whereas PtdIns(3)P is formed in these latter intracellular membranes and is apparently excluded from the plasma membrane. The logic of this asymmetric disposition is now reveal...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Czech MP

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are building blocks for all life-forms. We review here the fundamentals of BCAA metabolism in mammalian physiology. Decades of studies have elicited a deep understanding of biochemical reactions involved in BCAA catabolism. In addition, BCAAs and various catabolic products act as sig...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Neinast M,Murashige D,Arany Z

更新日期：2019-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a growing global health concern, yet no treatment is currently available to prevent it or to promote kidney repair after injury. Animal models demonstrate that the macrophage is a major contributor to the inflammatory response to AKI. Emerging data from human biopsies also corroborate the ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Huen SC,Cantley LG

更新日期：2017-02-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, ...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Walton KD,Gumucio DL

更新日期：2020-10-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized to dissipate chemical energy in the form of heat as a defense against cold and excessive feeding. Interest in the field of BAT biology has exploded in the past few years because of the therapeutic potential of BAT to counteract obesity and obesity-related diseases, including i...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Kajimura S,Saito M

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most striking characteristics of the myenteric plexus are the heterogeneity of its neuronal populations and the complexity of its organization. Myenteric neurons greatly differ in their morphological characteristics, projection patterns, and topographical arrangement within the ganglia. The discovery of histochemi...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Sternini C

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last five years, cDNAs and genes encoding more than 20 neuroendocrine peptides have been cloned. The information gleaned from these genes has been largely structural to this point, and illustrates the great versatility of neuroendocrine genes in generating diverse sets of bioactive peptides. An ongoing cont...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Mayo KE,Evans RM,Rosenfeld GM

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:I was pleased to receive the invitation to write this prefactory chapter. In doing so, I join a number of physiologists whose work and writings I have often admired. There are two aspects of my experience in physiology that I discuss here. The first concerns my own research accomplishments. The second is my role in de...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Hunt CC

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three families of growth factors/hormones have major effects on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. Two (FGF and TGF-beta) are potent inhibitors, and the third (IGF) exhibits a biphasic stimulatory action (but is not inhibitory even at high concentrations). All of these affect the expression of myogenin, one...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Florini JR,Ewton DZ,Magri KA

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents, termed If, Ih, or Iq, were initially discovered in heart and nerve cells over 20 years ago. These currents contribute to a wide range of physiological functions, including cardiac and neuronal pacemaker activity, the setting of resting potentials, input conductance and leng...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Robinson RB,Siegelbaum SA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The life of a human lung can be subdivided into five distinct phases: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar. The embryonic period, during which the lung primordium is laid down as a diverticulum of the foregut, lasts for about seven weeks. From the 5th to the 17th week the lung looks much lik...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Burri PH

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The question of respiratory factors limiting exercise has been examined in terms of possible limitations arising from the function of gas exchange, the respiratory mechanics, the energetics of the respiratory muscles, or the development of respiratory muscle fatigue. Exercise capacity is curtailed in the presence of m...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bye PT,Farkas GA,Roussos C

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Current information indicates that the mammalian kidney is a significant site of EGF synthesis, second only to the salivary gland in the rodent and probably exceeding most other tissues in the human species. The prepro EGF mRNA is localized to the cells of the TALH and the DCT. The EGF mRNA transcript in kidney is sim...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Fisher DA,Salido EC,Barajas L

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. Spines accumulate rapidly during early postnatal development and undergo a substantial loss as animals mature into adulthood. In past decades, studies have revealed that the number and size of dendritic spines are regu...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Bhatt DH,Zhang S,Gan WB

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When compiling results obtained with various techniques, it appears that the apical Na translocators are channels of high Na, Li selectivity that permit large transport rates at low driving forces. The concentration dependence of the transport rate is linear at least up to 60 mM Nao. The voltage dependence is of the G...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Lindemann B

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by abnormal hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and hepatocyte dysfunction. Importantly, it is also closely linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD predisposes susceptible individuals to cirrhosis, hepatoce...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Haas JT,Francque S,Staels B

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypoxia elicits an array of compensatory responses in animals ranging from protozoa to mammals. Central among these responses is anapyrexia, the regulated decrease of body temperature. The importance of anapyrexia lies in the fact that it reduces oxygen consumption, increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and...

journal_title：Annual review of physiology

authors： Steiner AA,Branco LG

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00