Abstract:
:Hypoxia elicits an array of compensatory responses in animals ranging from protozoa to mammals. Central among these responses is anapyrexia, the regulated decrease of body temperature. The importance of anapyrexia lies in the fact that it reduces oxygen consumption, increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and blunts the energetically costly responses to hypoxia. The mechanisms of anapyrexia are of intense interest to physiologists. Several substances, among them lactate, adenosine, opioids, and nitric oxide, have been suggested as putative mediators of anapyrexia, and most appear to act in the central nervous system. Moreover, there is evidence that the drop in body temperature in response to hypoxia, unlike the ventilatory response to hypoxia, does not depend on the activation of peripheral chemoreceptors. The current knowledge of the mechanisms of hypoxia-induced anapyrexia are reviewed.
journal_name
Annu Rev Physioljournal_title
Annual review of physiologyauthors
Steiner AA,Branco LGdoi
10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155856subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-01-01 00:00:00pages
263-88eissn
0066-4278issn
1545-1585pii
64/1/263journal_volume
64pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Although the efforts to find a place map of sound direction within the auditory system of mammals has been reinspired by the recent discoveries in owl, progress to date has not been encouraging. Neither the inferior colliculus nor auditory cortex has yielded immediate evidence of such a map, despite ingenious and pers...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.001423
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by abnormal hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and hepatocyte dysfunction. Importantly, it is also closely linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD predisposes susceptible individuals to cirrhosis, hepatoce...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105331
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In addition to the well established action of PTH in proximal tubules and of AVP in collecting tubules, polypeptide hormones were recently shown to regulate transport properties in other tubular portions. Although still scarce, such physiological studies using isolated perfused tubules demonstrated hormonal effects in...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.43.030181.003033
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The life of a human lung can be subdivided into five distinct phases: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar. The embryonic period, during which the lung primordium is laid down as a diverticulum of the foregut, lasts for about seven weeks. From the 5th to the 17th week the lung looks much lik...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.003153
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the central questions in neurobiology is how experience modifies neural function, and how changes in the nervous system permit an animal to adapt its behavior to a changing environment. Learning and adaptation to a host of different environmental stimuli exemplify processes we know must alter the nervous system...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112534
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Congestive heart failure is associated with ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation, increased circulating catecholamines, and peripheral vasoconstriction. The extent to which these changes occur, whether they are a favorable "compensatory mechanism" or contribute to cardiocirculatory dysfunction, depends on the cause ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.43.030181.002323
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tremendous progress has been made in elucidating numerous critical aspects of estrogen signaling. New tools and techniques have enabled detailed molecular analysis of components that direct estrogen responses. At the other end of the spectrum, generation of a multiplicity of transgenic animals has allowed analysis of ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.115914
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Helicobacter pylori is a neutralophilic, gram-negative, ureolytic organism that is able to colonize the human stomach but does not survive in a defined medium with a pH <4.0 unless urea is present. In order to live in the gastric environment, it has developed a repertoire of acid resistance mechanisms that can be clas...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142156
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Angiotensin receptors are present in a number of organs and systems including heart, kidney, gonad, and placenta; pituitary and adrenal glands; the peripheral vessels, and the central nervous system. This octapeptide exerts diverse effects that include induction of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and a stimulation...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.395
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The regulation of blood glucose is a complex process involving the integration of the CNS with both hormonal and neural mechanisms. Although neuropeptide participation in the process is only partly understood at present, several conclusions are evident. First, neuropeptides are present in various portions of the auton...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.000523
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calcium (Ca) is a universal intracellular second messenger. In muscle, Ca is best known for its role in contractile activation. However, in recent years the critical role of Ca in other myocyte processes has become increasingly clear. This review focuses on Ca signaling in cardiac myocytes as pertaining to electrophys...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100455
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents, termed If, Ih, or Iq, were initially discovered in heart and nerve cells over 20 years ago. These currents contribute to a wide range of physiological functions, including cardiac and neuronal pacemaker activity, the setting of resting potentials, input conductance and leng...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142734
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1 degrees C colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent knowledge of the renal epithelial transport systems has exploded with the identification, cloning, and characterization of a large number of membrane transport proteins. The fundamental aspects of these transporters are beginning to emerge at the molecular level and are summarized in the accompanying contri...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.160000
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, it has become apparent that ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) in the neuronal plasma membrane interact via their cytoplasmic domains with a multitude of intracellular proteins. Different classes of ligand-gated channels associate with distinct sets of intracellular proteins, often throu...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.755
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most striking characteristics of the myenteric plexus are the heterogeneity of its neuronal populations and the complexity of its organization. Myenteric neurons greatly differ in their morphological characteristics, projection patterns, and topographical arrangement within the ganglia. The discovery of histochemi...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.50.030188.000501
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calcium and sodium absorption by the kidney normally proceed in parallel. However, a number of physiological, pharmacological, pathological, and genetic conditions dissociate this relation. In each instance, the dissociation can be traced to the distal convoluted tubule, where calcium and sodium transport are inversel...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.179
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reabsorption of amino acids, similar to that of glucose, is a major task of the proximal kidney tubule. Various amino acids are actively transported across the luminal brush border membrane into proximal tubule epithelial cells, most of which by cotransport. An important player is the newly identified cotransporter (s...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153949
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The glycolytic enzyme glucokinase plays a key role in glucose sensing by the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells, and mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme are a common cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus characterized by autosomal-dominant i...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.001131
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cl- transport in the loop of Henle is responsible for reclamation of 25-40% of the filtered NaCl load and for the formation of dilute urine. Our understanding of the physiologic and molecular mechanisms responsible for Cl- reabsorption in both the thin ascending limb and thick ascending limb of Henle's loop has increa...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.631
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is characterized by changes in the pial and parenchymal microcirculations. SVD produces reductions in cerebral blood flow and impaired blood-brain barrier function, which are leading contributors to age-related reductions in brain health. End-organ effects are diverse, resulting in ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034338
更新日期:2020-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::The cost of living can be measured as an animal's metabolic rate. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is factorially related to other metabolic rates. Analysis of BMR variation suggests that metabolism is a series of linked processes varying in unison. Membrane processes, such as maintenance of ion gradients, are important cos...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.207
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-031620-094324
更新日期:2020-10-09 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, we have traced the path of estradiol from its entry into the cell to the time of its release from the receptor. We feel that all of the current models are limited in one respect or another. We have examined most critically those currently most in vogue. The entry of estradiol into the cell is widely as...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.38.030176.002233
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. Spines accumulate rapidly during early postnatal development and undergo a substantial loss as animals mature into adulthood. In past decades, studies have revealed that the number and size of dendritic spines are regu...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163140
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The serum/glucocorticoid-induced kinase Sgk1 plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion transport. This kinase is very rapidly regulated at the transcriptional level as well as via posttranslational modifications involving phosphorylation by the MAP or PI-3 kinase pathways and/or ubiquitylation. Altho...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131654
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The last seven years have been exciting in the world of mucin biology. Molecular analyses of mucin genes and deduced protein structures have provided insight into structural features of mucins and tools with which to examine expression, secretion, and glycosylation, thereby enabling a better understanding of the role ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.003135
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple organic anion transporters in the proximal tubule of the kidney are involved in the secretion of drugs, toxic compounds, and their metabolites. Many of these compounds are potentially hazardous on accumulation, and it is therefore not surprising that the proximal tubule is also an important target for toxicit...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155913
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Circadian clocks organize behavior and physiology to adapt to daily environmental cycles. Genetic approaches in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have revealed widely conserved molecular gears of these 24-h timers. Yet much less is known about how these cell-autonomous clocks confer temporal information to modul...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135815
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Practical limitations of the patch-clamp technique when recording mechanogated membrane ion channels are considered. Mechanical overstimulation of the patch or the cell from excessive suction/pressure protocols induces morphological and functional changes. In particular, the plasma membrane becomes decoupled from the ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.621
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00