Abstract:
:Heat killed spores of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis have been evaluated as a vaccine delivery system with mucosal adjuvant properties for influenza. Killed spores were able to bind H5N1 virions (NIBRG-14; clade 1) and, when intra-nasally administered to mice, resulting immune responses, both humoral and cell mediated, were enhanced compared to immunization with the virion alone. Levels of both systemic IgG and mucosal sIgA specific to the virion were elevated. Levels of IgG2a (a Th(1) antibody type) were strongly enhanced when the virion was co-administered with killed spores. Cytokine induction in stimulated splenocytes was also apparent indicating balanced T(h)1 and T(h)2 responses. Evidence of cross-neutralization of clade 2.2 viruses was shown. In a challenge experiment mice dosed two times with spores adsorbed with just 20 ng HA (hemagglutinin) of inactivated NIBRG-14 were fully protected against challenge with 20 LD(50) of H5N2 virus. Interestingly, partial protection (60%) was observed in animals dosed only with killed spores. Mice dosed only with killed spores were shown to be fully protected against H5N2 (5 LD(50)) infection indicating that innate immunity and its stimulation by spores may play an important role in protection. Supporting this killed spores were (i) shown to stimulate TLR-mediated expression of NF-κB, and (ii) able to recruit NK cells into lungs and induce maturation of DCs. This work demonstrates the potential and underlying mechanism for the use of bacterial spores as an adjuvant for H5N1 vaccination.
journal_name
Vaccinejournal_title
Vaccineauthors
Song M,Hong HA,Huang JM,Colenutt C,Khang DD,Nguyen TV,Park SM,Shim BS,Song HH,Cheon IS,Jang JE,Choi JA,Choi YK,Stadler K,Cutting SMdoi
10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.016subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-05-09 00:00:00pages
3266-77issue
22eissn
0264-410Xissn
1873-2518pii
S0264-410X(12)00379-9journal_volume
30pub_type
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