Abstract：
:Despite pharmacologic advances, the treatment of schizophrenia remains a challenge, and suboptimal outcomes are still all too frequent. Although treatment goals of response, remission, and recovery have been defined more uniformly, a good "effectiveness" measure mapping onto functional outcomes is still lacking. Moreover, the field has to advance in transferring measurement-based approaches from research to clinical practice. There is an ongoing debate whether, and which, first- or second-generation antipsychotics should be used. However an individualized treatment approach needs to consider current symptoms, comorbid conditions, past therapeutic response, and adverse effects, as well as patient choice and expectations. Moreover acute and long-term goals and effects of medication treatment need to be balanced. While the acute response to appropriately dosed first-generation antipsychotics may not differ much from second-generation antipsychotics, advantages of lower rates of extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, and, possibly, relapse may favor second-generation antipsychotics. However when considering individual adverse effect profiles, the differentiation into first- and second-generation antipsychotics as unified classes can not be upheld, and a more differentiated view and treatment selection is required. To date, clozapine is the only evidence-based treatment for refractory patients, and the role of antipsychotic polypharmacy and other augmentation strategies remains unclear, at best. To improve the treatment outcomes in schizophrenia, research efforts are needed that elucidate biomarkers of the illness and of treatment response (both therapeutic and adverse effects). Moreover, new treatment options are needed that affect nondopaminergic targets with relevance for symptom reduction, relapse prevention, enhanced efficacy for nonresponders, and reduced key adverse effects.
journal_name
Dialogues Clin Neuroscijournal_title
Dialogues in clinical neuroscienceauthors
Kane JM,Correll CUsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-01-01 00:00:00pages
345-57issue
3eissn
1294-8322issn
1958-5969journal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The validity of diagnostic definitions in psychiatry is directly related to the extent to which their etiology can be specified. However, since detailed knowledge of causal or susceptibility factors is lacking for most psychiatric disorders with a known or suspected familial-genetic origin, the current widely accepted...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Biomarkers have been receiving increasing attention, especially in the field of psychiatry In contrast to the availability of potent therapeutic tools including pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and biological therapies, unmet needs remain in terms of onset of action, stability of response, and further improvement of th...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with long-lasting psychological suffering, distressing psychosocial disability, markedly reduced health-related quality of life, and increased morbidity and mortality in a subgroup of individuals in the aftermath of serious traumatic events. Both etiopathogenesis...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review serves as a systematic guide to the genetics of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and further focuses on anxiety-relevant endophenotypes, such as pathological worry fear of uncertainty, and neuroticism. We inspect clinical genetic evidence for the familialityl heritability of GAD and cross-disorder phenot...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Losing a loved to suicide is one is one of life's most painful experiences. The feelings of loss, sadness, and loneliness experienced after any death of a loved one are often magnified in suicide survivors by feelings of quilt, confusion, rejection, shame, anger, and the effects of stigma and trauma. Furthermore, surv...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We carried out two studies to test the hypothesis that altered central serotonergic function, as assessed by lower prolactin (PRL) response to fenfluramine (D-FEN), is more closely associated with suicidal behavior than a particular psychiatric diagnosis. A D-FEN test was performed in 85 major depressed inpatients, 33...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Contemporary biological psychiatry uses experimental animal models to increase our understanding of affective disorder pathogenesis. Modern anxiolytic drug discovery mainly targets specific pathways and molecular determinants within a single phenotypic domain. However, greater understanding of the mechanisms of action...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The insights of ethology-the science of animal behavior from a biological and psychological point of view-were incorporated in the 1950s by the British developmental psychiatrist, John Bowlby, into his attachment theory, which argued that a secure affective base in infancy was critical to the normal development of per...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The current clinical use of psychotropic drugs is transnosologically oriented. This is facilitated by the current classification of mental disorders (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision [ICD-10]) and is perhaps justified if depression and psychosis (taken here as examples) are considered as being c...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The introduction of biological markers in the clinical management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will not only improve diagnosis relating to early detection of neuropathology with underlying molecular mechanisms, but also provides tools for the assessment of objective treatment benefits. In this review, we identify a num...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Decision making has been extensively studied in the context of economics and from a group perspective, but still little is known on individual decision making. Here we discuss the different cognitive processes involved in decision making and its associated neural substrates. The putative conductors in decision making ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypersomnia, a complaint of excessive daytime sleep or sleepiness, affects 4% to 6% of the population, with an impact on the everyday life of the patient Methodological tools to explore sleep and wakefulness (interview, questionnaires, sleep diary, polysomnography, Multiple Sleep Latency Test, Maintenance of Wakefulne...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is mounting evidence that recurrent mood disorders - once considered "good prognosis diseases"- are, in fact, often very severe and life-threatening illnesses. Furthermore, although mood disorders have traditionally been conceptualized as neurochemical disorders, there is now evidence from a variety of sources d...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the fact that 50 years have passed since the Nazi regime and the Holocaust the psychic sequelae are far from being overcome. The majority of Holocaust survivors and World War II veterans still list their experiences as the "most significant stressors" of their lives. The literature provides ample evidence that...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have a largely unknown pathophysiology and etiology, but they are highly heritable. Although linkage and association studies have identified a series of chromosomal regions likely to contain susceptibility genes, progress in identifying causative genes has been largely disappointing....
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has become increasingly clear that males and females differ even more dramatically than we previously thought. Not only do they exhibit differing responses to stress and environmental experience, but they can also respond in opposite directions. In rats, it has been shown that exposure to an acute stressful event c...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies over the last decade have transformed our previously simplistic view of microbes, having only a pathogenic role in disease to a more robust understanding that they are critical for maintaining human health. Indeed, our microbiota-the collection of commensal organisms that live in and on each of us-contributes ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Schizophrenia is still a condition with obscure causes and psychopathology. This paper aims to discuss the "disconnectivity" hypothesis in relation to some neurological conditions which are known to alter brain connectivity, as well as mimicking some aspects of the disorder. After a short historical introduction to th...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent years have seen an explosive growth of interest in the application of imaging genetics to understand neurogenetic mechanisms of schizophrenia. Imaging genetics applies structural and functional neuroimaging to study subjects carrying genetic risk variants that relate to a psychiatric disorder. We review selecte...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a serious psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 2% of the populations of children and adults. Family aggregation studies have demonstrated that OCD is familial, and results from twin studies demonstrate that the familiality is due in part to genetic factors. Only three ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is clinically important to recognize both bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in patients seeking treatment for depression, and it is important to distinguish between the two. Research considering whether BPD should be considered part of a bipolar spectrum reaches differing conclusions. We re...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review, we outline critical molecular processes that have been implicated by discovery of genetic mutations in autism. These mechanisms need to be mapped onto the neurodevelopment step(s) gone awry that may be associated with cause in autism. Molecular mechanisms include: (i) regulation of gene expression; (ii...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alcohol dependence is a frequent, chronic, relapsing, and incurable disease with enormous societal costs. Thus, alcoholism therapy and research into its outcome are of major importance for public health. The present article will: (i) give a brief overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment outcomes of al...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psychiatric disorders are complex multifactorial disorders involving chronic alterations in neural circuit structure and function. While genetic factors play a role in the etiology of disorders such as depression, addiction, and schizophrenia, relatively high rates of discordance among identical twins clearly point to...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are particularly frequent as diseases of the nervous system. In the pediatric neurologic presentations of IEMs neurodevelopment is constantly disturbed and in fact, as far as biochemistry is involved, any kind of monogenic disease can become an IEM. Clinical features are very diverse...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Over the last few years, neuroimaging techniques have contributed greatly to the identification of the structural and functional neuroanatomy of anxiety disorders. The amygdala seems to be a crucial structure for fear and anxiety, and has consistently been found to be activated in anxiety-provoking situations. Apart f...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiological studies show that anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and an important cause of functional impairment; they constitute the most frequent menial disorders in the community. Phobias are the most common with the highest rates for simple phobia and agoraphobia. Panic disorder (PD) and obsessive-compulsi...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The construct of major depressive disorder makes no etiological assumptions about populations with diverse symptom clusters. "Depressed mood" and "loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities" are core features of major depressive episode, though a strong case can be made to pay increasing attention to sympto...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While the legitimacy of medical treatments is more and more questioned, one sees a paradoxical increase in nonconventional approaches, notably so in psychiatry. Over time, approaches that were considered valuable by the scientific community were found to be inefficacious, while other approaches, labelled as alternativ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Similar to other complex disorders, the etiology of Alzheimer disease is multifactorial and characterized by an interplay of biological and environmental risk and protective factors. Potentially modifiable risk factors have emerged from epidemiological research and strategies to prevent neurodegeneration and dementia ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
