Abstract：
:The HSD2 (11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2 enzyme) containing neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) become activated during low-sodium and high-aldosterone states such as hypovolemia. This response may be due to hormonal and/or neural signals. Hormonal signals may activate neurons in the area postrema that innervate the HSD2 neurons. The vagus nerve projects directly to the HSD2 neurons and this could be another route whereby these neurons receive information about systemic sodium/aldosterone status. The peripheral sites of origin that contribute to this vagal projection remain unknown, and in the present study, we injected the transganglionic tracer, cholera toxin beta-subunit-horseradish peroxidase (CTb-HRP), into wall of various gastrointestinal organs (stomach, small and large intestine) or liver of rats. Confocal microscopy of brainstem sections stained by a double immunohistochemical procedure was used to analyze whether the HSD2 neurons received axonal contacts from specific gastrointestinal structures. The major source of afferents arose from the stomach, mainly from its pyloric antrum, but a weaker input originated from the fundus region. A trace amount originated from the duodenum. The terminal part of the small intestine and large intestine did not to contribute to this projection. Similarly, no afferent inputs from the liver or portal vein were found. In conclusion, HSD2 neurons receive an input mainly from the stomach and these results are considered as potential sites affecting sodium intake.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Shin JW,Loewy ADdoi
10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.098subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-12-08 00:00:00pages
34-43eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
S0006-8993(09)01876-9journal_volume
1301pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract：:Treatment with the short-acting benzodiazepine, triazolam (Tz), 6 h before activity onset (CT 6) induces large phase advances in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in golden hamsters free-running in constant lighting conditions. These phase shifts are associated with acute increases in locomotor activity. The ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(91)91208-i
更新日期：1991-09-27 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of acute and chronic phencyclidine (PCP) administration on neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) were investigated in discrete regions of rat brain. Both acute and chronic administration of PCP induced high locomotor activity, stereotypy and ataxia. On PCP administration, NTLI decreased significantly in...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(85)91601-4
更新日期：1985-05-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinal ganglion cells were labeled with horseradish peroxidase injected into the superior colliculus of normal pigmented rats. It is shown that virtually all ganglion cells with crossed axons project to the tectum, thus including all cell types described so far in the rat. The results contrast with the conclusion tha...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(83)90371-2
更新日期：1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Soman is an organophosphorus (OP) compound which irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the primary synaptic inactivator of acetylcholine. Resultant excessive cholinergic activity elicits generalized convulsions and brain lesions. Recent evidence suggests that other neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01315-7
更新日期：1997-02-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Previously, we had shown that ammonium chloride (ammonia)-induced accumulation of cyclic GMP in the microdialysates of rat striatum is blocked by taurine. In this study, coinfusion with taurine of a GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline or a glycine receptor antagonist strychnine (100 microM each), separately, restore...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.066
更新日期：2005-05-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Malignant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (M-SHRSP) develop hypertension and stroke at earlier ages than do nonmalignant SHRSP. Our previous findings suggested that reactive oxygen species were involved in the development of stroke in this strain. Nitric oxide (NO) which is more released at ischemia, migh...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02975-x
更新日期：2002-09-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Several labeled neurotransmitter substances or precursors ( [3H]histamine, [3H]serotonin, and [3H]choline) were injected with pressure into the cell body of C2, an identified putative histaminergic neuron in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia in order to study the selectivity of axonal transport. We examined transport o...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(82)90498-x
更新日期：1982-06-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Besides motor impairment, PD patients exhibit non-motor symptoms that negatively impact their quality of life and often manifest prior to motor deficits. One such symptom is mild cognitive imp...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.035
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have examined the role of the octopamine-containing buccal OC interneuron in the fictive feeding rhythm generated by depolarizing a modulatory interneuron, SO, in the isolated central nervous system (CNS) of Lymnaea stagnalis. Before stimulating the SO, the initial fictive feeding rate was 2.0+/-0.37 bites/min (mea...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02968-1
更新日期：2000-12-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Venous capacitance plays an important role in the control of cardiac output. However, the central nervous system sites and neurochemical signals involved in modulating venous function remain to be fully elucidated. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an important site modulating autonomic outflow to the ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00128-5
更新日期：1997-05-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Following transection of a peripheral nerve in mice, a newly synthesized neurotropic pyrimidine compound, MS-818 was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 mg kg-1 b.wt. day-1. The film model experiments for analyzing the early growth of axonal regeneration suggested that MS-818 activated Schwann cells which mi...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01491-1
更新日期：1998-03-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Data are presented which show that background electric activity of the human brain is reduced by visual stimulation. Occipital EEG amplitude decreases 5-15% for all frequencies analyzed (0.2-40 Hz) upon pattern stimulation. The reduction is stimulus-specific, i.e. is the strongest for stimuli that activate a large num...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(91)90403-i
更新日期：1991-05-31 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of 2-day and 7-day cortisol treatment on immunoreactive corticotropin (ACTH) and beta-endorphin concentrations were measured in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum in male rats. Plasma ACTH, beta-endorphin, corticosterone, and cortisol levels were also measured in parallel. Corti...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(89)90853-6
更新日期：1989-06-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Adrenergic innervation of tibial and vagus nerves was studied after 1-16 weeks duration of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. Sucrose-phosphate glyoxylic acid (SPG) histochemistry and the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method were used to demonstrate adrenergic nerve fibers in the epi-perineurial ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)91095-x
更新日期：1990-04-09 00:00:00
abstract：:When a pair of stimuli separated by an appropriate interval is given to the right visceropleural connective of Aplysia californica the amplitude of the second EPSP elicited in cell R15 is usually smaller than the amplitude of the first EPSP. In the present paper we show that this phenomenon, synaptic depression, can b...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(76)90379-6
更新日期：1976-06-04 00:00:00
abstract：:In vivo release of labeled serotonin ([3H]5-HT) from the parietal cortex was investigated by cortical cup technique and electrical stimulation of midbrain raphe in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The spontaneous efflux of tritium from the parietal cortex preload with [3H]5-HT followed a multiphasic expone...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(81)90137-2
更新日期：1981-07-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The central type benzodiazepine receptor (BDZr), an allosteric modulatory site of the GABAA receptor-anion channel, has been shown in vitro to respond to drugs with positive efficacy (agonists), zero efficacy (competitive antagonists) and drugs with negative efficacy (inverse agonists). However, this general concept o...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(91)90131-e
更新日期：1991-08-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Lifelong bilingualism is associated with the delayed diagnosis of dementia, suggesting bilingual experience is relevant to brain health in aging. While the effects of bilingualism on cognitive functions across the lifespan are well documented, less is known about the neural substrates underlying differential behaviour...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.034
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuroanatomical and electrophysiological techniques were used to study efferent projections of the gustatory region of the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) in rabbits. Autoradiographic analysis of [3H]leucine microinjected into electrophysiologically defined gustatory areas of the PBN revealed strong projections to the ventr...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(83)91061-2
更新日期：1983-01-17 00:00:00
abstract：:The neurotoxic effects of amyloid-beta(1-42) and amyloid-beta(25-35) (A beta) on cholinergic and acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons were investigated in primary cultures derived from embryonic 18-day-old rat basal forebrain. After various time intervals, the cultures were treated with 1, 5, 10 or 20 microM A beta f...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.021
更新日期：2004-02-13 00:00:00
abstract：:In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a loss of presynaptic cholinergic markers in the cerebral cortex, but the nature of cholinergic receptor changes is unclear. In this study, [3H]acetylcholine and [3H]nicotine were used to label nicotinic cholinergic binding sites in cerebral cortical tissues obtained at autopsy fr...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(86)90819-x
更新日期：1986-04-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) extracellular levels have been measured by microdialysis in the medial frontal cortex (MFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate-putamen (CP) under baseline conditions in awake and halothane-anaesthetized rats, and after application of three types of stimuli which are likely to act...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(92)90711-h
更新日期：1992-05-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracisternal administration of aluminum maltolate to rabbits produces a marked argyrophilic neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD) which is also immunoreactive for both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated microtubule associated protein tau. Using tissue fixation in PBF, the monoclonal antibodies Tau-2 and AT8 stain th...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(94)01297-u
更新日期：1995-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Prolonged exposure of opioid receptors to agonists leads to their regulation by the classical process of clathrin-dependent internalization, followed by their intracellular degradation (down regulation). We have previously shown that the opioid agonist etorphine induced an additional process of down regulation of mu-o...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.040
更新日期：2011-04-22 00:00:00
abstract：:[125I]CGP 42112, first developed to identify angiotensin II receptor subtype 2 (AT2), was recently shown to bind to a novel non-angiotensin binding site in injured rat brain tissue. We addressed the question whether non-angiotensin [125I]CGP 42112 binding appears after kainic acid induced hippocampal neurodegeneration...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(95)01035-3
更新日期：1995-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：:This study tested the effect on intracranially injected cycloheximide (CHX), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, on facilitation of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. The rats received 0.5 microgram estradiol benzoate (EB), s.c. once daily on days 8 through 12 after ovariectomy (OVX). Either CHX (in 0.5 microli...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(81)91050-7
更新日期：1981-10-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Adaptive decision making in dynamic social settings requires frequent re-evaluation of choice outcomes and revision of strategies. This requires an array of multiple cognitive abilities, such as working memory and response inhibition. Thus, the disruption of such abilities in schizophrenia can have significant implica...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.049
更新日期：2007-11-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Elevation of [K+]o for 30 s from 4 to 120 mM produced a fast and reversible depolarization and transient increase in [Ca2+]i in fura-2 loaded Retzius cells of the leech. The protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, significantly slowed the return of [Ca2+]i toward baseline without affecting the amplitude of depola...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(94)91800-7
更新日期：1994-07-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Intrathecal administration of alpha(2) adrenergic agonists, such as clonidine, is capable of alleviating neuropathic pain. Recent studies suggest that spinal nitric oxide (NO) mediates the analgesic effect of intrathecal clonidine. Furthermore, compared to nicotinic receptors, spinal muscarinic receptors play a greate...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02051-5
更新日期：2000-04-10 00:00:00
abstract：:This study used microdialysis to monitor extracellular levels of 5-HT and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and hippocampus of freely moving rats that had developed a CTA to a 2.5 mM saccharin solution (CS) following its pairing with illness induced by lithium chlori...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(91)90551-6
更新日期：1991-08-09 00:00:00
