Abstract：
:Intrathecal administration of alpha(2) adrenergic agonists, such as clonidine, is capable of alleviating neuropathic pain. Recent studies suggest that spinal nitric oxide (NO) mediates the analgesic effect of intrathecal clonidine. Furthermore, compared to nicotinic receptors, spinal muscarinic receptors play a greater role in the analgesic effect of intrathecal clonidine. In the present study, we tested a hypothesis that clonidine-evoked NO release is dependent primarily on muscarinic receptors in the spinal cord after nerve injury. A rat model of neuropathic pain was induced by ligation of the left L(5)/L(6) spinal nerves. Using an in vitro spinal cord perfusion preparation, the effect of muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists on clonidine-evoked nitrite (a stable product of NO) release was determined. Both muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists dose-dependently attenuated clonidine-elicited nitrite release. In spinal cords from the neuropathic rats, the inhibitory effect of muscarinic receptor antagonists (atropine and scopolamine) on clonidine-elicited nitrite release was more potent than that of nicotinic receptor antagonists (mecamylamine and hexamethonium). However, in spinal cords obtained from sham animals, the inhibitory effect of muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists did not differ significantly. These results indicate that muscarinic, as well as nicotinic, receptors mediate clonidine-induced NO release in the spinal cord. These data also suggest that after nerve injury, the cascade of activation of alpha(2) adrenergic receptors-muscarinic receptors-NO in the spinal cord likely plays a predominant role in the analgesic effect of intrathecal clonidine on neuropathic pain.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Xu Z,Chen SR,Eisenach J,Pan HLdoi
10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02051-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-04-10 00:00:00pages
390-8issue
2eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
S0006899300020515journal_volume
861pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract：:Central activation of excitatory amino acid receptors has been implicated in neuropathic pain following nerve injury. In a rat model of painful peripheral mononeuropathy, we compared the effects of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists (MK 801 and HA966) and a non-NMDA receptor antagonist (CNQX) on induction and m...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(92)90193-d
更新日期：1992-12-11 00:00:00
abstract：:alpha-Tocopherol (alpha-TC) is considered an important endogenous brain antioxidant. The utility of brain alpha-TC levels as an index of in vivo lipid peroxidation has recently been suggested. Therefore, we explored the significance of alpha-TC levels in brains to ischemic insults associated with global or focal cereb...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(93)91215-e
更新日期：1993-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The roles of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in fear and memory are unclear. This study examined the effects of temporary inactivation of the dorsal or ventral hippocampus on unconditioned and conditioned fear, using the shock-probe test. In Experiment 1, rats received either dorsal or ventral hippocampal infusions...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.041
更新日期：2009-01-28 00:00:00
abstract：:After studying pathway selection in the brain of Rana pipiens during unilateral optic nerve regeneration, several frogs were allowed to survive for lengthy periods for use in the present investigation. Retina flat-mounts were prepared from both eyes at 42-50 weeks postoperation. In some cases, HRP was infiltrated into...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(85)90804-2
更新日期：1985-10-07 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examined the behavioral effects of agents active at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor complex in the mouse staircase paradigm. The neuroactivesteroids dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were compared with the benzodiazepine agonist clonazepam, the non-benz...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02331-9
更新日期：2001-05-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Newly synthesized serotonin (5-HT) can be released in the nodose ganglion from the nerve cell bodies of vago-aortic serotoninergic neurones. Free-calcium led to a decrease of spontaneous and potassium-evoked release. The veratridine-stimulating response was abolished by TTX. The concept that 5-HT released from perikar...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(84)90877-1
更新日期：1984-06-18 00:00:00
abstract：:The intra-axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to trace the nodose ganglion and brain stem projections of a physiologically distinct nerve - the aortic depressor nerve - following electrophysiological identification. Tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) has been used as the substrate for demonstrating...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(80)90553-3
更新日期：1980-04-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Various cytoskeletal proteins have been implicated in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. A monoclonal antibody to non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein labels a distinct subset of pyramidal cells in the normal human cortex which have a distribution very similar to that of neurofibrilla...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(87)90914-0
更新日期：1987-07-28 00:00:00
abstract：:It is well documented that VMAT2 protects nigrostriatal DA neurons against MPP(+) by sequestering it inside vesicles away from its mitochondrial site of neurotoxic action. However, the implication of the VMAT2 in the mechanism of action exerted by 6-OHDA has received little attention. Therefore, the aim of the present...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03333-x
更新日期：2003-11-07 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to improve clinical trial design and translation of normobaric oxygen (NBO) treatment of ischemic stroke, NBO treatment parameters need to be better understood. This study investigated NBO treatment efficacy at two different stroke severities and two NBO treatment durations in rats. For the 60-min middle cere...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.030
更新日期：2016-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Adenylate cyclase activity accumulated proximal to a constriction placed around the frog sciatic nerve. The rate of accumulation was linear between 8 and 24 h following placement of the constriction; accumulation rate declined substantially after 24 h. Accumulation of activity distal to the constriction in normal nerv...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(82)90284-0
更新日期：1982-01-28 00:00:00
abstract：:In the course of pulse-label studies on the axonal transport of the small, basic, actin-binding proteins--actin depolymerizing factor, cofilin and profilin--in chicken motor neurones, we observed a heavily labelled protein of M(r) 18 kDa and pI 8.2 on fluorographs of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. On the basis o...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00766-x
更新日期：1997-10-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Microinjection of cholinergic agonists into the pontine tegmentum was used to evoke a state which was polygraphically and behaviorally similar to desynchronized (D) sleep. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the production of this pharmacologically induced D sleep-like state (D-ACh) was dependent upon ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(87)90005-9
更新日期：1987-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:This study shows that the axons of some raphespinal sympathoinhibitory neurons projecting to the third thoracic spinal segment emit branches in the third-fourth cervical spinal segments of cats. This was demonstrated by using time-controlled collision of neuronal action potentials initiated by stimuli applied at these...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(88)91417-5
更新日期：1988-02-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study demonstrates changes in rat brain glial metabolism during the acute phase of epilepsy. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced using the lithium-pilocarpine model. Glial metabolism was measured with (14)C-acetate. Local cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism were also measured using (14)C-N-isopropyl...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.074
更新日期：2010-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Following extirpation of three quarters of the eye anlage of Xenopus laevis in stage 33/34, the remaining quadrants developed into small eyes of normal shape. Irrespective of the different portions of the eye anlage the quarter eyes originated from, the retinotectal projection was always confined to the rostrolateral ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-3806(86)90089-1
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) on the potentiation of the synaptic transmission were studied in rat hippocampal slices by using extracellular field potential recordings. The application of rIL-2 inhibited the induction of both short-term (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) in a dose-dependent mann...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)91331-a
更新日期：1990-08-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) ablation on rhythms in brain neurotransmitter receptors was studied. In control animals, the rhythms in the number of alpha-adrenergic and benzodiazepine receptors were circadian, whereas the rhythms in beta-adrenergic and acetylcholine receptors were ultradian. SCN ablation...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(85)91533-1
更新日期：1985-02-18 00:00:00
abstract：:The number of hypocretin-containing neurons is markedly decreased in most patients with the sleep disorder narcolepsy. It is presently not known why the loss of hypocretin neurons occurs in these patients. In the present study, we tested the role of inflammation in the degeneration of hypocretin neurons. The proinflam...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.016
更新日期：2004-09-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of the ultrapotent capsaicin analogue resiniferatoxin (RTX) on responses of adult rats to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulation was examined. The effects of RTX treatment on the nociceptive flexor reflex and activity-dependent increase in spinal excitability af...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01444-8
更新日期：1997-03-28 00:00:00
abstract：:From 4 or 5 postnatal days, rat pups were either reared by their mothers (MR) or artificially reared (AR) without their mothers by infusion of 'milk' through a gastric cannula. In AR, but not MR, pups the left eye was more likely to open first than the right eye (P less than 0.001). The left-biassed eye-opening of AR ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-3806(86)90073-8
更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early environmental factors can modulate the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress, together with subsequent brain functions and emotional behaviors. Two rat strains, Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Fischer 344 (F344), are known to exhibit differences in HPA axis reactivity and anxiet...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.070
更新日期：2010-02-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Ethanol and nerve growth factor (NGF) affect the survival of cholinergic neurons in the rat medial septum. To investigate whether calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis in these neurons is affected by ethanol or NGF treatment, changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were studied in embryonic (E21) cultured medi...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(95)00955-3
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our previous studies demonstrated that only a few days of housing in an enriched environment increases response strength and paired-pulse depression in the auditory cortex of awake and anesthetized rats [Engineer, N.D., Percaccio, C.R., Pandya, P.K., Moucha, R., Rathbun, D.L., Kilgard, M.P., 2004. Environmental enrich...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.062
更新日期：2007-10-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Effects of protein kinase C (PKC) activation on the function of the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor-chloride complex were analyzed by quantitative autoradiography using [3H]muscimol, [3H]flunitrazepam and [35S]TBPS in rat brain slices. The density of [3H]muscimol binding was highest in cerebellar granular layers and high...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02127-7
更新日期：1999-12-11 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 50% of the Xenopus pectoralis twitch muscle fibers with two distant endplates are innervated at both sites by the same neuron. This study indicates that there are three separable twitch motor unit types in this muscle which show very little overlap in innervation. This study also shows that each motor unit i...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(85)90697-3
更新日期：1985-03-25 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the effects of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep deprivation (RSD) on the activity of central cholinergic receptors and passive avoidance retention in rats treated neonatally with clomipramine. Male rat pups treated with clomipramine (15 mg/kg, s.c.) twice daily from postnatal day 5 to 21 were sub...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02248-4
更新日期：2000-06-09 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the effects of collagen II-induced arthritis on two cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enzymes converting dynorphin A and substance P (SP), namely dynorphin-converting enzyme (DCE) and substance P endopeptidase (SPE). The products generated by these enzymes are the bioactive fragments Leu-enkephalin-Arg6 and su...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(92)90718-o
更新日期：1992-05-29 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of salvinorin A (SA) on brain injury and neurologic function post-brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) using a rat forebrain ischemia model and further explore the effect of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) inhibition by SA on aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression in the hippocampus, cortex and stria...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.024
更新日期：2016-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Based on the fact that several recent reports have indicated that non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligands (IPLs) can activate neurite outgrowth or nerve regeneration, we investigated the neurotrophic factor-activating abilities of IPLs in vivo in order to clarify the molecular basis of neurotrophic-like activity. B...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02434-x
更新日期：2003-04-25 00:00:00
