Abstract:
:Naturally arising CD4(+) regulatory T cells are critical mediators of peripheral self tolerance and immune homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that these cells are a dedicated T cell lineage constitutively acting in a dominant, cell extrinsic manner to regulate immune function. These observations are driving a reevaluation of our understanding of the regulation of immune homeostasis and peripheral tolerance. But despite a growing body of phenomenological data, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CD4(+) regulatory T cell development has only recently begun to emerge. This review highlights the major molecular pathways that have been implicated to date in the development of this T cell lineage.
journal_name
Semin Immunoljournal_title
Seminars in immunologyauthors
Fontenot JD,Rudensky AYdoi
10.1016/j.smim.2003.12.002keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-04-01 00:00:00pages
73-80issue
2eissn
1044-5323issn
1096-3618pii
S1044532303001064journal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Senescent cells (SCs) arise from normal cells in multiple organs due to inflammatory, metabolic, DNA damage, or tissue damage signals. SCs are non-proliferating but metabolically active cells that can secrete a range of pro-inflammatory and proteolytic factors as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2019.04.003
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autoimmune diseases have been studied from the perspective of an abnormal immune response in genetically vulnerable hosts. Although the immune response is responsible for the initiation of autoimmune diseases, the effectors of the disease process likely involves cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosi...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cellular activation is mainly defined as the response of a cell to exogenous signals eventually leading to changes in protein expression and cellular function. Originally, macrophage activation was mainly associated with phagocytic function. Later other effector functions such as cytokine secretion, upregulation of ce...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.009
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccinations are powerful tools for combating infections. Because of the age-related impairment in immune functions, the currently available vaccines are protecting only a small proportion of the elderly population. We, here, provide an overview of age-related changes in innate and adaptive immunity with particular em...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2005.05.005
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that evolved to detect microbial infection. These receptors recognize conserved molecular products derived from different classes of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Following recognitio...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2003.10.006
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD4+ helper T cells recognize short peptides stably associated with class II MHC molecules displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Very little is known about the sequence of events that lead to the generation of these peptides from protein antigens. It is likely that native proteins must partially unfold...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1995.0039
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::T helper (TH) cells can assume different phenotypes characterized by the secretion of distinct effector molecules. Interferon-gamma producing TH1 and IL-4 producing TH2 cells have long been recognized as important mediators of host defense, whereas regulatory T cells are known to suppress T cell responses. Recently, T...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.016
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metazoan parasites typically induce a type 2 immune response, characterized by T helper 2 (Th2) cells that produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 among others. The type 2 response is host protective, reducing the number of parasites either through direct killing in the tissues, or expulsion from the intestine. Typ...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.003
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The LTB4 pathway is an attractive target for therapeutic drug development. Two broad classes of drugs have been pursued: antagonists of the primary LTB4 receptors (BLT1 and BLT2) and inhibitors of LTA4 Hydrolase (LTA4H), the rate limiting enzyme in the production of LTB4. An initial wave of effort culminated in the 19...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.007
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heterogeneity in the supramolecular organization of immunological synapses arises from the involvement of different cells, distinct environmental stimuli, and varying levels of protein expression. There may also be heterogeneity in the types and amounts of cell surface proteins and lipids that transfer between lymphoc...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2003.09.005
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In humans, blood is commonly monitored to provide surrogates of disease progression and assess immune status. However, the varied, rapid and atypical alterations in lymphocyte subsets which may occur in blood in response to pathogens, are not predictive of changes in the bulk of the immune system. A hallmark of human ...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1999.0169
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::CR1 (C3b receptor) and CR2 (C3d/EBV receptor) are two C3 receptors expressed on B lymphocytes. CR1 and CR2 have structural similarities and their cross-linking at the B cell surface by antibodies or specific ligands in multimeric forms induce B cell activation. However, activation of human B cells through cell surface...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many immune cells can detect the direction and intensity of an extracellular chemical gradient, and migrate toward the source of stimulus. This process, called chemotaxis, is essential for immune system function and homeostasis, and its deregulation is associated with serious diseases. Chemotaxis is initiated by chemo...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2004.09.005
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dysbiosis of gut microbiota occurs in many human chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Reciprocally, uncontrolled immune responses, that may or may not be induced by dysbiosis, are central to the development of IBD and CAC. There has ...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2017.04.003
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Outbreaks of severe virus infections with the potential to cause global pandemics are increasing. In many instances these outbreaks have been newly emerging (SARS coronavirus), re-emerging (Ebola virus, Zika virus) or zoonotic (avian influenza H5N1) virus infections. In the absence of a targeted vaccine or a pathogen-...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2019.101300
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A novel lymphocyte lineage, V alpha 14 NKT cells, has recently been identified and appears to be distinct from conventional alphabeta T cells. V alpha 14 NKT cells express a single invariant V alpha 14 antigen receptor that is essential for their development. They recognize a glycolipid antigen (alpha -galactosylceram...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.2000.0270
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many human cancers possess a complex chemokine network that may influence the extent and phenotype of the leukocyte infiltrate, angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, survival and migration. Restricted expression of chemokine receptors on leukocytes may allow concise control of cell movement and retention at the tumor site....
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1044-5323(02)00127-6
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of GPI-anchored membrane proteins presented a conundrum for membrane biologists. What could the special purpose be for this type of membrane anchor and why couldn't a transmembrane anchor do the same job? Recent information from several different sources is beginning to provide answers to these questions...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1994.1013
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) have important functions in the selection of memory B lymphocytes during germinal center reactions (GCR). They present native antigens to potential memory cells, of which only B cells with high affinity B cell receptors (BCR) can bind. These B lymphocytes survive, whereas nonbinding B...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1044-5323(02)00057-x
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The unfolded protein response as a consequence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has recently been implicated as a novel mechanism that may lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Impairment of proper ER stress resolution in highly secretory Paneth and, to a lesser extent, goblet cells within the epithelium can p...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2009.01.001
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In seeking an explanation for the complexity of tissue development, biologists are obliged to explain lineage commitment, the events that dictate whether or not a progenitor cell will differentiate into one cell type or another. Such explanations have been sought across a broad spectrum of biological systems, although...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1999.0180
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Macrophages are unique cells for origin, heterogeneity and plasticity. At steady state most of macrophages are derived from fetal sources and maintained in adulthood through self-renewing. Despite sharing common progenitors, a remarkable heterogeneity characterized tissue-resident macrophages indicating that local sig...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.003
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is becoming increasingly accepted that macrophages play a crucial role in many diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, cancer, skin diseases, and even neurodegenerative diseases. It is therefore not surprising that macrophages in human diseases have gained signif...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2015.07.003
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a component of all living cells and microbes, it is not surprising that organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect foreign or aberrant DNA and trigger an innate immune response. TLR9 is an endosomal membrane bound receptor that is widely studied and the best understood DNA sensor. However, the existence of TLR9-in...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.006
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This issue of Seminars in Immunology on The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Family of Ligands and Receptors updates the rapidly expanding importance of this family. There are individual chapters on IL-1α, IL-1β, processing and secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36 and IL-37. In addition, a chapter of IL-1 decoy receptors, IL-1...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.001
更新日期:2013-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity is now recognised as a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease contributing to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple mechanisms leading to the low grade inflammation in this setting have been suggested. Due to the complexity and interconnection of inflammatory and...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.001
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The OX-40 receptor (OX-40R) is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of activated CD4(+) T cells. When engaged by an agonist such as anti-OX-40 antibody or the OX-40 ligand (OX-40L) during antigen presentation to T cell lines, the OX-40R generates a costimulatory signal that is as potent as CD28 costimulation. ...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1998.0146
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mucosal surfaces of the lungs are a major portal of entry for virus infections and there are urgent needs for new vaccines that promote effective pulmonary immunity. However, we have only a rudimentary understanding of the requirements for effective cellular immunity in the respiratory tract. Recent studies have r...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2004.02.003
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is now well established that the progression of T cell development requires interactions between the surfaces of thymocytes and thymic stromal cells. For example, the maturation of CD4+8+ cells into functional CD4+ or CD8+ cells requires TCR/MHC interactions, which, depending on the specificity of the particular TC...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/smim.1994.1028
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Advancing age is accompanied by profound changes in immune function; some are induced by the loss of critical niches that support development of naïve cells (e.g. thymic involution), others by the intrinsic physiology of long-lived cells attempting to maintain homeostasis, still others by extrinsic effects such as oxi...
journal_title:Seminars in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.007
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00