Abstract：
:Iron is a unique poison because it is not a xenobiotic. It is an essential element and highly reactive. Because of the critical dependence upon iron and its potential to damage tissues, elaborate mechanisms have evolved for its efficient absorption, transport, cellular uptake, storage and conservation. These are incompletely understood with even less being known after the ingestion of an overdose. Thus little is known of iron's toxicokinetics. Less is known regarding its absorption. A saturable active receptor mediated mechanism has been described, however, a passive mechanism is speculated to exist. After overdose, the amount absorbed is unknown but is likely in the order of 10%. Transferrin capacity is saturated after the absorption of a toxic dose resulting in much of the circulating iron being hydrated ferric ion. The liver clears most of the circulating iron and the plasma half-life after overdose is similar to the 4-6 h observed after therapeutic dosing. There is no mechanism for iron excretion. The toxicodynamics are a consequence of the chief mechanism for iron-induced tissue damage, free radical production with resultant lipid peroxidation. Therefore target organs and tissues are those exposed to high concentrations of iron and have a high metabolic activity. These are the gastrointestinal epithelium, cardiovascular system and the liver. Five distinct clinical phases are recognized: Gastrointestinal Toxicity, Relative Stability, Circulatory Shock and Acidosis, Hepatotoxicity and Gastrointestinal Scarring. Rational treatment of iron poisoning requires a thorough understanding of its toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Tenenbein Mdoi
10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00279-3keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-12-28 00:00:00pages
653-6eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
S0378-4274(98)00279-3journal_volume
102-103pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Mechanisms of zinc (Zn) toxicity are incompletely understood and data regarding potential endocrine alterations in Zn toxicity are scarce. To examine mechanisms of Zn toxicity, day-old chicks were pair-fed diets containing 5280 ppm (Hz) or 73 ppm (CON) Zn. Impaired postnatal growth, independent of feed consumption, an...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(91)90205-k
更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Micronucleus (MN) induction by azidothymidine (AZT) in B and T lymphocytes was analyzed by a recently developed MAC (morphology-antibody-chromosome) method which allows the immunologic identification of different cell lineages. An increased frequency of MN in AZT-treated cultures compared with controls was observed. C...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(94)90167-8
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genomic DNA is under continuous assault by various chemical species produced by normal cellular metabolism. In addition, exposure to exogenous agents adds further insult. Modification of DNA by chemical carcinogens has long been recognized as an early event in carcinogenesis and many DNA adducts have been characterize...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00162-5
更新日期：2002-08-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Cadmium (Cd), is a well-known environmental and occupational hazard with a potent neurotoxic action. However, the mechanism underlying cadmium-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear. Herein, we exposed Neuro-2a cells to different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (12.5, 25 and 50 μM) for 24 h and found that Cd...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.015
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of novel alternative testing methods is required to identify the sensitizing capacity of chemicals as a replacement for animal experimentation. We aimed to evaluate in vitro assays as screening tools for detecting skin sensitizers. The murine epidermal keratinocyte cell line HEL-30 was exposed to 16 re...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.10.017
更新日期：2013-01-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Hydrazine (Hz) mutagenicity was observed in a test using Escherichia coli B/r strain, WP2 uvrA and was enhanced by the addition of rat liver microsomal fraction containing a generating system, while the enhanced mutagenicity was diminished by the addition of metyrapone to the microsome-free levels. On the other hand, ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(86)90006-8
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phenathrene is a major coal tar component found in hazardous waste disposal sites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which phenanthrene adsorption to either of 2 different soils affects the manner in which phenanthrene is subsequently handled in orally and dermally exposed adult female rats. Abso...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(95)03250-o
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:20 non-smokers on a defined diet low in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in an unventilated room for 8 h. The urinary mutagenicity in the 24-h urine samples as tested with the Salmonella (TA98) microsome assay did not significantly increase after exposure to eith...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(87)90098-1
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lead (Pb) exposure impairs the nervous system, of which the injury of cognitive development is obvious. But the mechanism of Pb induced disorders of neuro-transmission remain elusive. In this study, primary hippocampal neurons were exposed to Pb at the dosage of 5 μM from days in vitro (DIV) 3 to DIV14 and the electro...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.009
更新日期：2018-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Dioxins are metabolized by cytochrome P450, family 1 (CYP1) via the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). We determined whether different blood dioxin concentrations are associated with polymorphisms in AHR (dbSNP ID: rs2066853), AHR repressor (AHRR; rs2292596), CYP1 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1; rs4646903 and rs1...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.013
更新日期：2013-06-07 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.896
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To help minimize errors and confusion in the scientific literature, a few principles can be followed. The original intent and hypothesis of each study should be made clear, and deviations from the initial purpose should be stated. The hypothesis-testing portions of the research need to be clearly differentiated from t...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(95)03554-0
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered to adult male mice for 6 d at dose levels of 2, 4 and 8 mg/g b.w. Dose levels of 4 and 8 mg/g MSG resulted in significant changes in serum total lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids, free fatty acids and blood glucose 31 d after cessation of exposure. Administration of 2 mg/...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(89)90009-x
更新日期：1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using the comet assay technique, this paper examines the protection from the cisplatin-induced genetic damage in mouse bone marrow cells provided by cedron-leaf infusion. Animals were separated into six groups: (I) untreated, (II) negative control, (III) treated with cedron-leaf infusion (5%), (IV) treated with cispla...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.002
更新日期：2004-08-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(83)90236-9
更新日期：1983-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(92)90290-z
更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(86)90118-9
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The genotoxicity of cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, has been studied in vivo in mice. Bone marrow chromosome aberrations were not dose, time or route dependent, but most of the results differed significantly from controls except after 6 and 24 h of treatment using the i.p. and s.c. routes, respective...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(88)90058-6
更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methylglyoxal (MG) is a metabolite of glucose. The serum MG level is increased in diabetic patients, and MG is implicated in diabetic complications related to embryonic development injury. We previously reported cytotoxic effects of MG on mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts, and a further association with defec...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.007
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Administration of the chemical carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) has previously been shown to lower hepatic epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding levels during chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis. To further characterize the specificity of this response, EGF binding levels for liver microsomes were determin...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(96)03866-0
更新日期：1997-03-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Palytoxins (PLTXs) are known seafood contaminants and their entrance into the food chain raises concern about possible effects on human health. The increasing number of analogs being identified in edible marine organisms complicates the estimation of the real hazard associated with the presence of PLTX-like compounds....
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.020
更新日期：2014-03-03 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the cytotoxic effects of formaldehyde (FA) on lymphocytes. FA-exposed mice showed a profound reduction not only in the number of natural killer (NK) cells but also in the expression of NK cell-specific receptors, but these mice did not exhibit decreases in the numbers of T or B lymphocytes. FA exposure...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.008
更新日期：2013-11-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Aminoglycosides have detrimental effects on the hair cells of the inner ear, yet these agents indisputably are one of the cornerstones in antibiotic therapy. Hence, there is a demand for strategies to prevent aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity, which are not available today. In vitro data suggests that the pleiotropic...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.007
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The aim of this investigation was to identify pathways involved in pneumoconiosis susceptibility, clarify their potential mechanisms, and generate SNP-to-gene to pathway hypotheses using an analytical pathway-based approach. METHODS:The identify candidate causal SNPs and pathways (ICSNPathway) was used to pe...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.028
更新日期：2015-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Vitamin A is widely used in cosmetic preparations. Given that oral Vitamin A and its metabolites present a potential reproductive risk, the present study investigated the effect of topical Vitamin A on human endogenous plasma levels of Vitamin A and its metabolites. METHODS:Two groups of 14 female volunteer...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.029
更新日期：2006-05-05 00:00:00
abstract：:2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a widespread environmental pollutant that could induce serious toxic effects in both humans and rodents. Some studies suggested that TCDD exposure may facilitate the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver injury. However, the underlying molecular mechanism b...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.013
更新日期：2017-05-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Although building constructions are a recurring part of urbanization, the health risk of particulate matters (PM) originating from such activities have seldom been subjected to detailed studies. We sought to characterize the relative risk of air borne PM collected from different heights (ground and top floor) of a bui...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.002
更新日期：2015-11-04 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to establish an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) for direct exposure of lung cells to gaseous contaminants. Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and ozone (O(3)) were selected as model gas compounds. Acute pro-inflammatory and toxic effects of NO(2) and O(3) on live ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.04.004
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of methyl mercury chloride (MeHgCl) on the chick sympathetic and sensory dorsal root ganglia was studied in a biological in vitro assay. These cultures were not affected by the addition of MeHg up to a concentration of 2 microM. However, after an addition of 4-5 microM MeHg the capability of the neurons to ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(94)03176-8
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
