Abstract：
:Over the past few years a great deal of research has examined how T cell-dependent immune responses are initiated and subsequently regulated. Ligation of the TCR with an antigenic peptide bound to an MHC protein on a professional APC provides the crucial antigen-specific stimulus required for T cell activation. Interaction of CD28 with CD80 or CD86 molecules on APC initiates a costimulatory or second signal within the T cell which augments and sustains T cell activation initiated through the TCR. However, recently it has become clear that T cell immune responses are a result of a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4) is a cell surface molecule that is expressed nearly exclusively on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Investigation into the role of CTLA-4 in the regulation of T cell immune responses has revealed that CTLA-4 is a very important molecule involved in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In the present review, evidence for the proposed inhibitory role of CTLA-4 is examined and a model suggesting a role for CTLA-4 in both early and late stages of T cell activation is presented.
journal_name
Immunol Cell Bioljournal_title
Immunology and cell biologyauthors
McCoy KD,Le Gros Gdoi
10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00795.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-02-01 00:00:00pages
1-10issue
1eissn
0818-9641issn
1440-1711journal_volume
77pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:During an allergic inflammatory response in the airway, if a failure of the epithelial cell barrier occurs before the systemic immune response is triggered by allergens, more allergens can invade. Using a rat model of asthma, we previously found that mucosal mast cells, which localise to the epithelial layer of the ai...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2010.90
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Herpesviruses are an ancient, ubiquitous family of DNA viruses, most of which share a lifestyle of latently or persistently infecting a young host, and spreading to infect a new host a generation later. Most herpesviruses interfere with antigen presentation via the MHC class I-restricted pathway of antigen presentatio...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.1996.85
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a logarithmic increase in the cost and complexity of the research and development process when transitioning a promising candidate vaccine from the laboratory into the clinic. Managing complex development programs involving people from diverse technical, cultural and geographical backgrounds is a specialised ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.2009.30
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of a tunicate immunomodulatory protein, tunIL1, to interact with mammalian cells was investigated. TunIL1 is known to regulate inflammatory defence reactions in tunicates and to stimulate the proliferation of mammalian thymocytes. In the current study, tunIL1 was shown to enchance L929 fibroblast prolifera...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1996.3
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The iscom is a delivery system, designed for both parenteral and mucosal modes of administration, for both antigens and adjuvants, components which are interchangeable. By the parenteral route a prominent systemic Th1 type of response is evoked, but the mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response was insignificant. Intran...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00756.x
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mice infected with Sarcocystis muris showed a significant reduction in plaque-forming cells (PFC) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DHS) responses to an unrelated protein antigen, bovine gamma-globulin, when compared with uninfected controls. This immunosuppression was observed only when infection preceded immunizati...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1988.26
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The antitumour efficacy of Ida-anti-Ly-2.1 immunoconjugate in combination with murine TNF-alpha (mTNF-alpha) has been evaluated in a disseminated murine thymic lymphoma model E3. This tumour model shows characteristics similar to lymphoma in humans with widely disseminated tumour in major organs. In vitro both idarubi...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1997.39
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cells with a low density of parasite-specific antigens on their surface are postulated to be susceptible to a cell-mediated attack but not to effector mechanisms normally activated following the binding of specific antibody to the infected cell. It is further postulated that such infected cells normally induce a cell-...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.1992.44
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Biallelic mutations in the human lipopolysaccharide responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene lead to a primary immunodeficiency known as LRBA deficiency, characterized by a broad range of clinical manifestations including autoimmunity, organomegaly, hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent infections. Considering the pheno...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2017.52
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After positive selection, the newly differentiated single-positive (SP) thymocytes undergo negative selection to eliminate autoreactive T cells, functional maturation to acquire immunocompetence and egress capability. To investigate whether the intracellular reduction/oxidation (redox) balance has an important role on...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2013.57
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that consist of functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous populations. Monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) are a DC subset that have been attracting increasing interest owing to their potent influence on adaptive immune function and their rapid accumulation ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.2016.104
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Kunjin replicon was used to express a polytope that consisted of seven hepatitis C virus cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes and one influenza cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope for vaccination studies. The self-replicating nature of, and expression from, the ribonucleic acid was confirmed in vitro. Initial vaccinations w...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.0818-9641.2002.01137.x
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Brucellosis remains a significant zoonotic threat worldwide. Humans and animals acquire infection via their oropharynx and upper respiratory tract following oral or aerosol exposure. After mucosal infection, brucellosis develops into a systemic disease. Mucosal vaccination could offer a viable alternative to conventio...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2016.5
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Australian populations of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were found to have similar immunological responses to local strains of Vibrio anguillarum as those reported for the more genetically diverse populations of these fish and strains of V. anguillarum found in the Northern...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1992.51
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian testis is an immunoprivileged organ where male germ cell autoantigens are immunologically ignored. Both systemic immune tolerance to autoantigens and local immunosuppressive milieu contribute to the testicular immune privilege. Testicular immunosuppression has been intensively studied, but information on...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2014.97
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antigen presentation by enterocytes isolated from the rat small bowel was studied by using T cell proliferation, and immunoregulatory function in an antigen-driven culture system, as indicator systems. Lymph node T cells obtained from rats immunized with ovalbumin (OA) failed to divide when cultured for 4 days in the ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1990.52
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Almost all vaccinations today are delivered through parenteral routes. Mucosal vaccination offers several benefits over parenteral routes of vaccination, including ease of administration, the possibility of self-administration, elimination of the chance of injection with infected needles, and induction of mucosal as w...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1711.2004.01288.x
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As previously reported by others for immunoglobulin (Ig)G, we observed that IgA can induce interleukin (IL)-10 expression in human monocytes. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms of IL-10 induction by IgA in monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MD-DCs). Monomeric IgA induced IL-10 production ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2009.120
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A hypothesis if formulated for the mode of action of the 'atopy gene': the gene(s) causing an increased tendency to mount an IgE immune response to trivial environmental antigens. It is postulated that some antigens are not efficiently transported to the lymphoid organs, the location of the 'eutopic' immune system; mi...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.1996.28
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic variants of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and its receptor are associated with murine and human susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes, yet the role of IL-2 in controlling pancreatic islet-reactive T cells is unknown. Here, we develop a model where IL-2 deficiency precipitates a breakdown of self-tolerance and progression t...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.icb.7100049
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intravenous (i.v.) immunization of mice with recombinant vaccinia viruses stimulated the highest antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses when i.v., intraperitoneal (i.p.), intranasal (i.n.), footpad (f.p.) and tail scarification (t.s.) routes were compared. Intraperitoneal immunization of mice resulted in ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1989.48
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fungal keratitis is a major cause of corneal ulcers, resulting in significant visual impairment and blindness. A phosphorylated glycoprotein secreted by immunocompetent cells, osteopontin (OPN) mediates cluster formation of the host fungal receptors and enhances the phagocytosis and clearance of pathogenic fungi. Howe...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/imcb.12010
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The review articles in this special feature reflect the current status of knowledge in the field of exercise immunology, with a focus on how exercise affects the human immune system and the health implications for resistance to infections and neoplastic diseases. In an Olympic year, the emphasis of exercise immunology...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-13-.x
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:By hybridization with a human interleukin-6 (IL-6) cDNA fragment a corresponding ruminant (ovine) cDNA was isolated from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar macrophage library. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA and the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein showed significant homology to the human a...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1993.39
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ex vivo mammary explant systems are an excellent model to study interactions between epithelium and stromal cell types because they contain physiologically relevant heterotypic interactions in the background of genetically diverse patients. The intact human mammary tissue, termed patient-derived explant (PDE), can be ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/imcb.12381
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fluorescent dyes are increasingly being exploited to track lymphocyte migration and proliferation. The present paper reviews the properties and performance of some 14 different fluorescent dyes that have been used during the last 20 years to monitor lymphocyte migration. Of the 14 dyes discussed, two stand out as bein...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00877.x
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Within the immune system multiple mechanisms balance the need for efficient pathogen recognition and destruction with the prevention of tissue damage by excessive, inappropriate or even self-targeting (auto)immune reactions. This immune homeostasis is a tightly regulated system which fails during tumor development, of...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imcb.12001
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ikaros, Aiolos and Helios encode zinc finger transcription factors that are important regulators of lymphoid development and differentiation. These proteins are involved in the control of gene expression and when associated with nuclear complexes, participate in nucleosome remodeling. Because differential splicing pro...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01159.x
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Here we examine the use of glycopeptides containing tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) as potential preventive vaccines for carcinomas. Our recent results suggest that CD8+ T cells (CTL) are capable of recognizing TACA in a conventional class I MHC-restricted fashion. The ThomsenFriedenreich antigen (TF), ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01347.x
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Spleen cells from newborn mice are immunologically nonreactive and do not respond by proliferation upon stimulation with the T cell mitogen concanavalin-A (Con-A) or with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2). We have found that, in spite of the observed non-reactivity in the proliferative tests, cells from newborn mice we...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1991.59
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
