Abstract:
:Insight into the mechanisms of action of neurotrophic growth factors has been obtained through the identification and characterization of gene products that are regulated or modified at the transcriptional, translational, and/or posttranslational level in response to neurotrophin treatment. VGF (non-acronymic) was identified approximately 15 years ago as a nerve growth factor (NGF)-regulated transcript in rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that neurotrophins such as NGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor induce vgf gene expression relatively rapidly in PC12 cells and cultured cortical neurons, respectively, in comparison to less robust regulation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin, growth factors which do not trigger the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. vgf gene expression is stimulated in vitro by NGF and the ras/map kinase signaling cascade through a CREB-dependent mechanism, while in vivo, VGF mRNA levels are regulated by neuronal activity, including long-term potentiation, seizure, and injury. Both the mRNA and encoded approximately 68-kDa protein (VGF) are selectively synthesized in neuroendocrine and neuronal cells. The predicted VGF sequence is rich in paired basic amino acid residues that are potential sites for proteolytic processing, and VGF undergoes regulated release from dense core secretory vesicles. Although VGF mRNA is synthesized widely, by neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, its expression is particularly abundant in the hypothalamus. In addition, VGF peptides are found in hypophysial, adrenal medullary, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic endocrine cells, suggesting important neuroendocrine functions. Recent analysis of VGF knockout mice indeed demonstrates that VGF plays a critical role in the control of energy homeostasis. VGF knockout mice are thin, small, hypermetabolic, hyperactive, and relatively infertile, with markedly reduced leptin levels and fat stores and altered hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, and agouti-related peptide expression. Coupled with the demonstration that VGF mRNA levels are induced in the normal mouse hypothalamic arcuate nuclei in response to fasting, important central and peripheral roles for VGF in the regulation of metabolism are suggested. Here we review previous studies of VGF in the broader context of its newly recognized role in the control of energy balance and propose several models and experimental approaches that may better define the mechanisms of action of VGF.
journal_name
Front Neuroendocrinoljournal_title
Frontiers in neuroendocrinologyauthors
Salton SR,Ferri GL,Hahm S,Snyder SE,Wilson AJ,Possenti R,Levi Adoi
10.1006/frne.2000.0199subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-07-01 00:00:00pages
199-219issue
3eissn
0091-3022issn
1095-6808pii
S0091-3022(00)90199-7journal_volume
21pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Lipids are essential for cellular functioning considering their role in membrane composition, signaling, and energy metabolism. The brain is the second most abundant organ in terms of lipid concentration and diversity only after adipose tissue. However, in the central system (CNS) lipid dysregulation has been linked t...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100899
更新日期:2021-01-12 00:00:00
abstract::Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) regulate social behavior by binding to their canonical receptors, the vasopressin V1a receptor (V1aR) and oxytocin receptor (OTR), respectively. Recent studies suggest that these neuropeptides may also signal via each other's receptors. The extent to which such cross-system signali...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.02.001
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Puberty presents remarkable individual differences in timing reaching over 5 years in humans. We put emphasis on the two edges of the age distribution of pubertal signs in humans and point to an extended distribution towards earliness for initial pubertal stages and towards lateness for final pubertal stages. Such dis...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.12.004
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on the neuroendocrine mechanisms in the mother and the newborn that are involved in the generation and consolidation of mother-child attachment. The role that different hormones and neurotransmitters play on the regulation of these mechanisms during parturition, the immediate postpartum period and ...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.007
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gene therapy, which entails the use of nucleic acids as drugs, is a new approach to treat disease. Gene therapy has been successfully implemented in several preclinical animal models, including several paradigms of experimental pituitary tumors. In spite of these successes, several critical issues need to be addressed...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0091-3022(02)00106-1
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is considerable evidence that the central nervous system (CNS) is significantly involved in potassium homeostasis: (a) Potassium-specific receptors located in the liver or hepatic portal circulation initiate a reflex increase in potassium excretion via vagal afferents. This reflex is lost or diminished with hypo...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/frne.1993.1001
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sex chromosome genes directly influence sex differences in behavior. The discovery of the Sry gene on the Y chromosome (Gubbay et al., 1990; Koopman et al., 1990) substantiated the sex chromosome mechanistic link to sex differences. Moreover, the pronounced connection between X chromosome gene mutations and mental ill...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.12.004
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sex is a critical factor in the diagnosis and development of a number of mental health disorders including autism, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, anorexia nervosa and others; likely due to differences in sex steroid hormones and genetics. Recent evidence suggests that sex ...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100815
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The neuroprotective effects of menopausal hormonal therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) have not yet been clarified, and it is controversial whether there is a critical period for neuroprotection. Studies in animal models and clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that estrogens induce dopaminergic neuroprotecti...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.09.003
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elusive for more than half a century, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was finally isolated and characterized in 1981 from ovine hypothalami and shortly thereafter, from rat brains. Thirty years later, much has been learned about the function and localization of CRF and related family members (Urocortins 1, 2 and ...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.10.006
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular modifications to the structure of histone proteins and DNA (chromatin) play a significant role in regulating the transcription of genes without altering their nucleotide sequence. Certain epigenetic modifications to DNA are heritable in the form of genomic imprinting, whereby subsets of genes are silenced ac...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.03.001
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical introduction of octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analog, has opened a new era in the medical therapy of patients with growth hormone (GH)- and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary tumors. Good control of hormonal hypersecretion occurred in most patients, and tumor shrinkage has been obs...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/frne.1993.1002
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tumour microenvironment (TME) includes a variety of non-neoplastic cells and non-cellular elements such as cytokines, growth factors and enzymes surrounding tumour cells. The TME emerged as a key modulator of tumour initiation, progression and invasion, with extensive data available in many cancers, but little is ...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100852
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::17β-Estradiol (estradiol or E2) is implicated as a neuroprotective factor in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying E2 neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia, as well as emerging evidence from basic science and clinical studies, which suggests that there is a "critical...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.10.001
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parental care is found widely across animal taxa and is manifest in a range of behaviours from basic provisioning in cockroaches to highly complex behaviours seen in mammals. The evolution of parental care is viewed as the outcome of an evolutionary cost/benefit trade-off between investing in current and future offspr...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.12.004
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some 10 years have elapsed since inhibins were first isolated from ovarian follicular fluid and characterized as disulphide-linked dimeric glycoproteins capable of selectively suppressing the synthesis and secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by pituitary gonadotropes. There have been numerous surprises sub...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/frne.1996.0013
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mounting evidence suggests that--beyond the well-known genomic effects--glucocorticoids affect cell function via non-genomic mechanisms. Such mechanisms operate in many major systems and organs including the cardiovascular, immune, endocrine and nervous systems, smooth and skeletal muscles, liver, and fat cells. Non-g...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.10.004
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapid, non-transcriptionally mediated, effects of glucocorticoids affect many behaviors as well as inhibition of function in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. In this short review, it is argued that the fast glucocorticoid actions which are mediated by membrane receptors are an ancient type of sterol/steroid-med...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.08.001
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The majority of songbird species have sexually dimorphic neuronal circuits for song learning and production and these differences are paralleled by sex differences in behavior, with only males singing or singing at a higher rate than females. Therefore songbirds serve as an excellent model for studying the mechanisms ...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.11.001
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Appropriate regulatory control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical stress axis is essential to health and survival. The following review documents the principle extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms responsible for regulating stress-responsive CRH neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which summate...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2003.07.001
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Certain mood disorders and autoimmune diseases are predominately female diseases but we do not know why. Here, we explore the relationship between depression and the immune system from a sex-based perspective. This review characterizes sex differences in the immune system in health and disease. We explore the contribu...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.004
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organisms living outside the tropics use changes in photoperiod to adapt to seasonal changes in the environment. Several models have contributed to an understanding of this mechanism at the molecular and endocrine levels. Subtropical birds are excellent models for the study of these mechanisms because of their rapid a...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.04.002
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endocrine organizational and activational influences on cognitive and affective circuits are likely critical to the development of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a sex-specific hormone-dependent mood disorder. An overview of the anatomical and functional neural characterization of this disorder is presented h...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100838
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glutamate synapses drive the output of neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus, but until recently, relatively little was known about the fundamental properties of transmission at these synapses. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of glutamate signals in magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in t...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.002
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Developmental studies of hormones and behavior often include littermates-rodent siblings that share early-life experiences and genes. Due to between-litter variation (i.e., litter effects), the statistical assumption of independent observations is untenable. In two literatures-natural variation in maternal care and pr...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.08.003
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The majority of pituitary adenomas are trophically stable and change relatively little in size over many years. A comparatively small proportion behave more aggressively and come to clinical attention through inappropriate hormone secretion or adverse effects on surrounding structures. True malignant behaviour with me...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0091-3022(03)00012-8
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition characterised by severe inattention, pathological impulsivity and hyperactivity; it is relatively common affecting up to 6% of children, and is associated with a risk of long-term adverse educational and social consequences. Males are conside...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.003
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling greatly impacts the development and growth of the central nervous system (CNS). IGF-I and IGF-II, two ligands of the IGF system, exert a wide variety of actions both during development and in adulthood, promoting the survival and proliferation of neural cells. The IGFs also i...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.06.002
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alcohol stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through brain-based mechanisms in which endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a major role. This review first discusses the evidence for this role, as well as the possible importance of intermediates such as vasopressin, nitric oxide and ...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.10.005
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis are functionally connected, so that exposure to antigens elicits a coordinated response which allows the organism to successfully withstand immunologic challenges. An important feature of this bilateral communication is the appearance of proteins released int...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/frne.1995.1005
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00