Abstract：
:The immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis are functionally connected, so that exposure to antigens elicits a coordinated response which allows the organism to successfully withstand immunologic challenges. An important feature of this bilateral communication is the appearance of proteins released into the circulation by activated immune cells. These proteins, called cytokines or interleukins, stimulate the activity of the H-P axis, thus increasing circulating ACTH and corticosteroid levels. This in turn induces metabolic changes such as increases in energy substrates, restrains the activity of specific immune cells, and alters the release of secretagogues important for both the immune system and neuroendocrine organs. After acute increases in blood-borne levels of cytokines, nerve terminals in the median eminence, particularly those containing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), represent an important site of action of these immune signals. Subsequently, changes take place within the brain in general and the hypothalamus in particular. They include the synthesis/release of peptides such as CRF and vasopressin, of neurotransmitters such as catecholamines and prostaglandins, and of cytokines themselves. Upon prolonged exposure to blood-borne immune signals additional mechanisms come into play, including those taking place directly at the pituitary level. These observations indicate that cytokines released into the general circulation act on multiple sites within the H-P axis, a phenomenon that relies on the recruitment of a large number of pathways. This review discusses these pathways and the mechanisms through which they allow cytokines to convey the occurrence of immune activation to the brain.
journal_name
Front Neuroendocrinoljournal_title
Frontiers in neuroendocrinologyauthors
Rivier Cdoi
10.1006/frne.1995.1005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-04-01 00:00:00pages
151-82issue
2eissn
0091-3022issn
1095-6808pii
S0091-3022(85)71005-9journal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:This chapter is based on the Geoffrey Harris Memorial Lecture presented at the 8th International Congress of Neuroendocrinology, which was held in Sydney, August 2014. It provides the development of our understanding of the neuroendocrine control of puberty since Harris proposed in his 1955 monograph (Harris, 1955) th...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.04.002
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many vertebrates are highly motivated to communicate, suggesting that the consequences of communication may be rewarding. Past studies show that dopamine and opioids in the medial preoptic nucleus (mPOA) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) play distinct roles in motivation and reward. In songbirds, multiple lines of rece...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.04.002
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies on endogenous oxytocin concentrations are often criticized for the debatable comparability between specimens and the variation in reported values. We performed meta-regressions on k = 229 studies (n = 12 741 participants), testing whether specimen, extraction, sex, age, time of day, or fasting instructions inf...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100775
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Developmental studies of hormones and behavior often include littermates-rodent siblings that share early-life experiences and genes. Due to between-litter variation (i.e., litter effects), the statistical assumption of independent observations is untenable. In two literatures-natural variation in maternal care and pr...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.08.003
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 37-kDa corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) binding protein (CRF-BP) was purified from human plasma by repeated affinity purification and subsequently sequenced and cloned. The human and rat CRF-BP cDNAs encode proteins of 322 amino acids with one putative signal sequence, one N-glycosylation site, and 10 conserved ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1995.1013
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is considerable evidence that the central nervous system (CNS) is significantly involved in potassium homeostasis: (a) Potassium-specific receptors located in the liver or hepatic portal circulation initiate a reflex increase in potassium excretion via vagal afferents. This reflex is lost or diminished with hypo...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1993.1001
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The tumour microenvironment (TME) includes a variety of non-neoplastic cells and non-cellular elements such as cytokines, growth factors and enzymes surrounding tumour cells. The TME emerged as a key modulator of tumour initiation, progression and invasion, with extensive data available in many cancers, but little is ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100852
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Food reward, not hunger, is the main driving force behind eating in the modern obesogenic environment. Palatable foods, generally calorie-dense and rich in sugar/fat, are thus readily overconsumed despite the resulting health consequences. Important advances have been made to explain mechanisms underlying excessive co...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.01.002
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The majority of songbird species have sexually dimorphic neuronal circuits for song learning and production and these differences are paralleled by sex differences in behavior, with only males singing or singing at a higher rate than females. Therefore songbirds serve as an excellent model for studying the mechanisms ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.11.001
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Puberty presents remarkable individual differences in timing reaching over 5 years in humans. We put emphasis on the two edges of the age distribution of pubertal signs in humans and point to an extended distribution towards earliness for initial pubertal stages and towards lateness for final pubertal stages. Such dis...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.12.004
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alcohol stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through brain-based mechanisms in which endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a major role. This review first discusses the evidence for this role, as well as the possible importance of intermediates such as vasopressin, nitric oxide and ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.10.005
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epidemic of opioid use disorder (OUD) directly affects millions of women of child-bearing age. Unfortunately, parenting behaviors - among the most important processes for human survival - are vulnerable to the effects of OUD. The standard of care for pregnant women with OUD is opioid maintenance therapy (OMT), of ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100766
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gene therapy, which entails the use of nucleic acids as drugs, is a new approach to treat disease. Gene therapy has been successfully implemented in several preclinical animal models, including several paradigms of experimental pituitary tumors. In spite of these successes, several critical issues need to be addressed...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0091-3022(02)00106-1
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Female sexual behavior in rodents, typified by the lordosis posture, is hormone-dependent and sex-specific. Ovarian hormones control this behavior via receptors in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH). This review considers the sex differences in the morphology, neurochemistry and neural circuitry of the VMH to...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.008
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clinical introduction of octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analog, has opened a new era in the medical therapy of patients with growth hormone (GH)- and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary tumors. Good control of hormonal hypersecretion occurred in most patients, and tumor shrinkage has been obs...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1993.1002
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The natriuretic peptide system consists of three endogenous ligands, i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), and at least three subtypes of receptors. All of the peptides and receptors exist in the central nervous system (CNS). ANPs in the brain ar...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) regulate social behavior by binding to their canonical receptors, the vasopressin V1a receptor (V1aR) and oxytocin receptor (OTR), respectively. Recent studies suggest that these neuropeptides may also signal via each other's receptors. The extent to which such cross-system signali...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.02.001
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Elusive for more than half a century, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was finally isolated and characterized in 1981 from ovine hypothalami and shortly thereafter, from rat brains. Thirty years later, much has been learned about the function and localization of CRF and related family members (Urocortins 1, 2 and ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.10.006
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male mammals of many species exhibit reflexive testosterone release in mating situations. In house mice (Mus musculus), the dramatic robustness of such release, occurring primarily in response to a novel female, suggests some function. The resulting testosterone elevations typically peak during copulatory behavior and...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.09.001
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review focuses on the neuroendocrine mechanisms in the mother and the newborn that are involved in the generation and consolidation of mother-child attachment. The role that different hormones and neurotransmitters play on the regulation of these mechanisms during parturition, the immediate postpartum period and ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.007
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:17β-Estradiol (estradiol or E2) is implicated as a neuroprotective factor in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying E2 neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia, as well as emerging evidence from basic science and clinical studies, which suggests that there is a "critical...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.10.001
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most human obesity is inherited as a polygenic trait which is largely refractory to medical therapy because obese individuals avidly defend their elevated body weight set-point. This set-point is mediated by an integrated neural network that controls energy homeostasis. Epidemiological studies suggest that perinatal a...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.02.005
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination. Currently, the cause of MS is unknown. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common mouse model of MS. Treatments with the sex hormones, estrogens and androgens, are capable of offering disease protection during...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.12.001
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The majority of pituitary adenomas are trophically stable and change relatively little in size over many years. A comparatively small proportion behave more aggressively and come to clinical attention through inappropriate hormone secretion or adverse effects on surrounding structures. True malignant behaviour with me...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0091-3022(03)00012-8
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Trillions of microbes cover the surfaces of our bodies and inhabit our gastrointestinal tract. In the past decade, research efforts examining the role of the microbiome in mental health have moved to the forefront of neuroscience and psychiatry. Based on a foundation of animal studies demonstrating the vital role for ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100849
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psychosocial stress, and within the neuroendocrine reaction to stress specifically the glucocorticoid hormones, are well-characterized inhibitors of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, resulting in a marked reduction in the production of new neurons in this brain area relevant for learn...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.05.001
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the portal vasculature is responsible for the maintenance of reproductive function. Levels of GnRH decapeptide available for this process can be regulated at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. In the immortalized neuro...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1996.0149
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The extraction of cortisol from fingernails represents a recent advancement in the retrospective, long-term assessment of hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis activity: Fingernail cortisol has the potential to overcome some of the major disadvantages of established HPA axis markers. However, the introduction of an...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100855
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two different approaches have been utilized to study the controlling mechanisms that underlie the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals. The use of specific drugs to alter the period and/or the phase of circadian rhythms has provided new insights into both the pathways by which environmental infor...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1995.1007
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian circadian timing system is organized in a hierarchy, with the master clock residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and subsidiary peripheral clocks in other brain regions as well as peripheral tissues. Since the local oscillators in most cells contain a similar molecular makeup ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.003
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
