Abstract:
:Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) establishes a latent infection within sensory neurons and periodically reactivates in response to stress. HSV's ability to inhabit neurons for the life of the host involves a number of virally encoded functions that tightly regulate the latency-reactivation cycle, preventing uncontrolled spread of reactivating virus and large-scale death of neurons. The HSV latency-associated transcript (LAT) is a complex transcription unit expressed primarily in neurons containing latent genomes. While mutational analyses indicate LAT is nonessential for viral replication, the 5' exon of LAT greatly enhances reactivation. Several studies have also identified LAT mutations that reduce establishment of latency and enhance virulence. Recently, LAT has also been shown to inhibit cell death through by blocking caspase-8 and caspase-9 pathways. While blocking apoptosis is not essential for either establishment of latency or reactivation, it likely augments these processes and may contribute to HSV's long-term persistence and spread.
journal_name
Int Rev Immunoljournal_title
International reviews of immunologyauthors
Bloom DCdoi
10.1080/08830180490265592subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-01-01 00:00:00pages
187-98issue
1-2eissn
0883-0185issn
1563-5244pii
PBD572D6DK8N3TUNjournal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::IVIgG preparations are now widely applied for immune modulatory treatment in various forms of autoimmune and immune complex diseases. Several controlled studies clearly demonstrated the clinical efficacy of this type of treatment; the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, however, have yet to be elucidated. Among ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830188909061984
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are extremely diverse and variable, mainly because SLE is a multi-factorial disease. Variable combinations of contributing genes at multiple loci in individual patients probably result in diverse disease phenotypes. Genes that predispose to SLE are undoubte...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08830180009055500
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Solid organ transplantation has become a clinical practice after the development of different immunosuppressive drugs that allowed controlling rejection. The price to be paid for that is the permanent risk of infections and malignancies and a significant drug-associated toxicity. The establishment of transplant tolera...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2013.829468
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vascular endothelial dysfunction (ED) forms the cornerstone in the development of atherosclerotic lesions that clinically manifest as ischemia, myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral arterial disease. ED can be triggered by various risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hyperhomocystenemia and...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08830185.2020.1866568
更新日期:2021-01-13 00:00:00
abstract::Activation, proliferation, or programmed cell death of T lymphocytes are dependent on controlled reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) production and ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta Psi(m)) also plays a decisive role in cell survival by controlling activity of redox-sensit...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180490452576
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transplant recipients receive immunosuppressive drugs to prevent graft rejection and graft loss. Immunosuppressive drugs are dosed according to empiric treatment protocols, which consider the risk of under- or oversuppression, rejection, infection, cancer, and drug side effects. An individualized immunosuppressive pro...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08830180902929404
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway has been shown to be important in T lymphocyte-mediated cell death and is a key peripheral immunoregulatory mechanism that limits expansion of antigen-activated lymphocytes. The expression of Fas by commonly transplanted organs such as the heart, lung, kidney, and liver suggests that ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189909088497
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion is one of the central immune-effector responses of host. It is known that phagosome maturation process is associated with numerous signaling cascades and among these, important role of calcium (Ca2+) signaling has been realized recently. Ca2+ plays key roles in actin rearrangement, acti...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830185.2019.1592169
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immune response to the phosphorylcholine (PC) hapten elicited by PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is composed of 2 groups of antibodies with specificity to either PC or phenylphosphorylcholine which were designated as group I and II anti-PC antibodies, respectively. We demonstrate that anti-PC IgE antibody expre...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830188709044749
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell metabolism is closely related to the host immunity in many respects. We herein briefly summarized the recent progress on the roles of cellular metabolism in T-cell development, homeostasis, differentiation and functions. Relatively quiescent naïve T cells only require energy for survival and migration, and they m...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.902452
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The receptors on human natural killer 9NK cells which can specifically bind the Fc portion of immunoglobulin molecules (Fc receptors) have been extensively studied. The best known and studied Fc receptor on human NK cells is FcgammaRIIIa. Interactions of NK cells with IgG antibodies via this receptor are well known to...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180109054414
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A technology is described which combines the power of T lymphocytes in eliminating unwanted cells and causing beneficial inflammatory reactions with the great advantages of monoclonal antibodies. We show that heteroconjugate antibodies and hybrid antibodies, in which one of the component binding sites is anti-T-cell r...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830188909044779
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past few decades, advancements in molecular and cell biology have allowed scientists to identify a large number of new antigens from a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens. However, successful development of these antigens into effective vaccines strongly relies on delivery systems able to avoid the rapid...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180903215605
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our knowledge on the physiological role of CD4(+) T lymphocytes has improved in the last decade: available data convincingly demonstrate that, besides the 'helper' activity, CD4(+) T cells may be also endowed with lytic properties. The cytotoxic function of these effector cells has a relevant role in the control of pa...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2010.489658
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leukocytes can't perform phagocytosis in blood stream. Blood velocity prevents phagocytosis because there is no time for leukocyte to recognize and catch bacteria. Bloodstream clearance from pathogens is performed by erythrocytes. During motion in bloodstream erythrocytes become charged by triboelectric effect. This c...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.956359
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infectious diseases are a major challenge for the poultry industry that causes widespread production losses. Thus, management and control of poultry health and diseases are essential for the viability of the industry. Toll-like receptors are best characterized as membrane-bound receptors that perform a central role in...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830185.2019.1659258
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this issue, we are hosting several reviews on topics of broad interests, such as therapeutic or prophylactic antibodies, and the role of autophagy in autoimmunity. ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.3109/08830185.2015.1041855
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neonates often respond poorly to conventional vaccines or microbial infections. Immaturity of the immune system has been considered to play a role in this regard. However, accumulating evidence shows that in certain conditions, neonatal inoculation of antigens leads to protective immunity. In the particular case of DN...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180009088506
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Both estrogen (E2) and T-cell receptor (TCR) peptides have beneficial effects on the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and possibly multiple sclerosis (MS) that involve distinct but congruent mechanisms. Of interest, these two approaches share an ability to enhance expression of the Fo...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180500371462
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tec family kinases are the second largest family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, of critical importance to the biology of cells derived from the bone marrow. Significant progress in this area during the last decade revealed a role for several of these kinases in inflammatory and oncologic disorders. This led to the ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.671692
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The C-type lectins DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR and LSECtin are encoded by the lectin gene cluster on chromosome 19p13.3 and perform cell-adhesion and pathogen recognition functions on dendritic cells, liver cells and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cells. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR share similar overall gene and protein molecule st...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2013.834897
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of a strong cellular immune response is critical for the control of the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. This occurs by activation of a complex, integrated immune response, which utilizes cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In the last two decades there have been major advances in...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180213281
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The gastric mucosal pathogen Helicobacter pylori induces autoantibodies directed against the gastric proton pump H+,K+-ATPase in 20-30% of infected patients. The presence of these autoantibodies is associated with severity of gastritis, increased atrophy, and apoptosis in the corpus mucosa, and patients with these aut...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180590884648
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), an autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), is becoming more and more prevalent in the recent years. Data on family and twin studies carry evidence for strong genetic influence on AITD susceptibility and development. The most common approaches to unravel the background of those diseases are who...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.755175
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) as molecules able to redirect T lymphocytes toward tumor cells is currently being exploited in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Despite promising preliminary results, some clinical trials evidenced limitations for this technology that must be overcome for more extensi...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2011.595855
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens by deleting or controlling the pathogenicity of auto-reactive T-cells. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapies show great promise for the restoration of tolerance in autoimmune disease. Dendritic cells can be modifie...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180903281193
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which infects over 90% of adults, appears to have evolved to exploit the normal biology of B-cell development in order to persist as a life-long asymptomatic infection. However, EBV can contribute to oncogenesis. It has become evident that alterations in the expression of microRNAs (miRNA...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.748053
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Classical and non-classical monocytes are two well-defined subsets of monocytes displaying distinct roles. They differentially express numerous genes relevant to their primary role. Using five independent transcriptomic microarray datasets, we ruled out several inconsistent genes and identified common genes consistent...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.902453
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In these studies we have emphasized the apparent developmental hierarchy of B cell development and assigned a role for the multispecific self idiotype reactive B cells which develop first, in promoting the development of later appearing clones of B cells. These early sets of interconnecting clones of B cells bridge be...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830188809051185
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a non-classical HLA class I molecule involved in inducing tolerance at the feto-maternal interface and in escape of immune response by tumor cells. The aim of the study is to review the published literature on the expression of HLA-G in malignant melanomas and its clinicop...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08830185.2020.1869732
更新日期:2021-01-11 00:00:00