Abstract:
:Vascular endothelial dysfunction (ED) forms the cornerstone in the development of atherosclerotic lesions that clinically manifest as ischemia, myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral arterial disease. ED can be triggered by various risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hyperhomocystenemia and chronic low-grade inflammation. These risk factors also activate immune response systemically. Current drugs used for managing atherosclerosis not only aid in subsiding the risk factor but also suppress the immune activation. Nonetheless, their effectiveness in treating ED is still questionable. Here, we discuss how pathologic molecules and processes pertaining to ED can activate innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to disease progression even in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors and the potential of the current drugs, used in the management of atherosclerotic patients, in reversing them. We mainly focus on activated endothelium, endothelial microparticles, mechanically stretched endothelial cells, endothelial mesenchymal transition and endothelial glycocalyx sheds.
journal_name
Int Rev Immunoljournal_title
International reviews of immunologyauthors
Akhtar S,Sharma Adoi
10.1080/08830185.2020.1866568subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2021-01-13 00:00:00pages
1-19eissn
0883-0185issn
1563-5244pub_type
杂志文章abstract::T-helper (TH) 17 activation is crucial for protective immune responses against bacteria and fungi at mucosal surfaces, but it can also be implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although rapid progress was made elucidating induc...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2013.829471
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Both estrogen (E2) and T-cell receptor (TCR) peptides have beneficial effects on the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and possibly multiple sclerosis (MS) that involve distinct but congruent mechanisms. Of interest, these two approaches share an ability to enhance expression of the Fo...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180500371462
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) transmits survival and activation signals, BCR ligation can induce apoptosis in both immature and mature B cells. BCR-mediated apoptosis is suggested to play a role in self-tolerance by deleting self-reactive B cells. Generation of an apoptotic signal through BCR appears to d...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180109045590
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A unifying theory of B cell development and lineage commitment is presented. There are two firmly established B lineages: cells which normally arise only from fetal sources and lack N insertions in their rearranged heavy chains; and N-containing cells which arise from adult bone marrow precursors (and perhaps from lat...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189209055576
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are extremely diverse and variable, mainly because SLE is a multi-factorial disease. Variable combinations of contributing genes at multiple loci in individual patients probably result in diverse disease phenotypes. Genes that predispose to SLE are undoubte...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08830180009055500
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Agonistic anti-CD40 antibody is a potent stimulator of anti-tumor immune responses due to its action on both immune and tumor cells. It has the ability to "precondition" dendritic cells, allowing them to prime effective cytotoxic T-cell responses. Thus, anti-CD40 antibody provides an ideal therapy for combination with...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.698338
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple cytokines and growth factors are critical for the prognosis of cancer which has been regarded as a worldwide health problem. Recently, neuropeptides, soluble factors regulating a series of functions in the central nervous system, have also been demonstrated to stimulate the proliferation and migration of tumo...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.952412
更新日期:2016-07-03 00:00:00
abstract::CD40 is a 48 kDa glycoprotein predominantly expressed on B cells in both mouse and man, which interacts with a counterligand (CD40L), expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. CD40/CD40L interactions are now known to be essential for the initiation of antibody responses to T-dependent antigens. In this review we discuss th...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189709068169
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Type I collagen, the most abundant protein of the body, is preferentially synthesized in bone, dermis, and tendons by two cell types, the osteoblast and the fibroblast. The expression of type I collagen is increased in the various forms of fibrosis such as lung, liver, bone marrow fibrosis and scleroderma. Type I coll...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189509056711
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cross-talk within the innate immune pathways is highly complex and contains many unknowns. Here, we discuss the different combinations of PAMPs, together with the sequence, order, and dosage of consecutive PAMP challenges, which determine the nature of the immune response by macrophages. The engagement of different To...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.921164
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most contemporary models of hematopoiesis assume lineage fidelity of early progenitor cells. Along with this concept normal hematopoietic cells and the majority of leukemias express exclusively myeloid or lymphoid specific antigens. On the other hand, growing evidence exists challenging the lineage fidelity model. Chr...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180109056725
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is specialized for the recognition of pathogenic nucleic acids. TLR9 is expressed in intracellular compartments where it responds specifically to pathogen DNA. Several factors contribute to the ability of TLR9 to discriminate between self and foreign DNA. Regulatory mechanisms of the innate...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180600743107
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::IL-10-deficient (IL-10-/-) mice, generated by a gene-targeted mutation, develop abnormal immune responses as a result of uncontrolled interactions between antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes. The studies reviewed herein have focused on the enterocolitis that spontaneously develops in IL-10-/- mice. Not unexpected...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180009048392
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytokine production in human whole blood exhibits diurnal rhythmicity. Peak production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-12 occurs during the night and early morning at a time when plasma cortisol is lowest. The existence of a causal relationship between plasma cortisol and production...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189809043012
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway has been shown to be important in T lymphocyte-mediated cell death and is a key peripheral immunoregulatory mechanism that limits expansion of antigen-activated lymphocytes. The expression of Fas by commonly transplanted organs such as the heart, lung, kidney, and liver suggests that ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189909088497
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elucidation of the structure of MHC molecules has provided profound new insights into their function in antigen presentation. In addition, structural studies have implicated certain regions of MHC molecules in specific functions. Although much of MHC biology has concentrated on the extensive polymorphism among these m...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189609061746
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this issue, we are hosting several reviews on topics of broad interests, such as therapeutic or prophylactic antibodies, and the role of autophagy in autoimmunity. ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.3109/08830185.2015.1041855
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The B cell-stimulating molecules, BAFF (B cell activating factor) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand), are critical factors in the maintenance of the B cell pool and humoral immunity. In addition, BAFF and APRIL are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human autoimmune diseases, with elevated levels of ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830185.2016.1276903
更新日期:2017-01-02 00:00:00
abstract::Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) persists as a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease and is characterized by the production of autoantibodies and immune complexes that affect multiple organs. The underlying mechanism that triggers and sustains disease are complex and involve certain susceptibility genes and enviro...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830181003602507
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immune privilege was first explored in the late 1800s by van Dooremaal, and was then extended by Medawar in the mid 1900s to fit in with emerging concepts of transplantation immunology. Modern concepts and understanding of immune privilege come from subsequent studies produced by Medawar, Billingham, and Streilein. Th...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180212066
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The goal of finding an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is hampered by our uncertainty of the mechanism(s) responsible for the pathogenesis as well as the lack of knowledge of protective mechanisms. The effects of HIV on the immune system are myriad and thus the truly significant manife...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189009061761
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 30 years, human papilloma virus (HPV) has been shown to play a role in the development of various cancers. Most notably, HPV has been linked to malignant progression in neoplasms of the anogenital region. However, high-risk HPV has also been suggested to play a significant role in the development of canc...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.911857
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leukocytes can't perform phagocytosis in blood stream. Blood velocity prevents phagocytosis because there is no time for leukocyte to recognize and catch bacteria. Bloodstream clearance from pathogens is performed by erythrocytes. During motion in bloodstream erythrocytes become charged by triboelectric effect. This c...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.956359
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human membrane and soluble Fc epsilon receptors (Fc epsilon RI, Fc epsilon RII/CD23) and Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma RI/CD64, Fc gamma RII/CD32, Fc gamma RIII/CD16) have been implicated in a number of diseases. Their functional roles such as capture and clearance of immune complexes, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxic...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830189709045707
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mϕs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can efficiently phagocytose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB). It is quite interesting to mention here that DCs and Mϕs use distinct strategies to combat and eliminate Mtb. Simil...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2015.1015718
更新日期:2016-09-02 00:00:00
abstract::Transplant recipients receive immunosuppressive drugs to prevent graft rejection and graft loss. Immunosuppressive drugs are dosed according to empiric treatment protocols, which consider the risk of under- or oversuppression, rejection, infection, cancer, and drug side effects. An individualized immunosuppressive pro...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08830180902929404
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Noncoding RNA comprises of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are abundantly present in mammalian transcriptome. These noncoding RNAs have been implicated in multiple biological processes through the regulation of gene expression. Each of these noncoding RNAs were found to have multiple genes ta...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830185.2019.1648454
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::When cells are infected with viruses, they may trigger their apoptosis programs. In unicellular organisms, this may have protected cell populations by limiting viral replication from infected cells. Multicellular organisms can also trigger the apoptosis program after viral infection. In response, viruses have evolved ...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08830180305213
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uveitis is underappreciated as a sight-threatening cause of blindness. There are two broad causative classes of uveitis: infectious and non-infectious. Non-infectious uveitis is considered a prototypical autoimmune disorder based mainly on data from experimental models in the mouse. Several different experimental mode...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.747524
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease have encouraged the development of many new therapies targeted at specific and non-specific mediators of the inflammatory bowel disease inflammatory pathway. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, two common inflammatory bowel disease...
journal_title:International reviews of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08830180903437212
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00